What is the theory of relativity?

Legendary physicist Lev Landau apart from the Physics for Everyone series wrote another book on popular science, with Y. Rumer, it is called What is the theory of relativity?

The book is an attempt to make the readers understand the basic concepts of theory of relativity, both special and general. It serves as an excellent introduction to the subject. In the 64 pages of the book, each page is informative and I think you cannot have a more precise popular introduction to the difficult subject.

The book was published by the Foreign Languages Publishing House in the 1959 and again by Mir in 1970s. It was translated from the Russian by A. Zdornykh and edited by V. Schneierson. Simultaneously it was also published in the west by Basic Books (translation by N. Kemmer) in 1960 and recently Dover has brought a reprint in 2003. All credits to the orginal uploader.

The Internet Archive Link (FLPH)

and here

Mir edition here and here

Spanish here and here

Hindi here and here

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A Book About Stars and Planets – To Be Read To Children

Continuing with the last title, this post is also a book on astronomy for children by Yefrem Levitan, as the name of the book suggests. As again with the previous book, this book also has wonderful drawings, sometimes spanning two pages throughout. The book follows the quest of brother and sister Alex and Sveta to understand basics of astronomy.

Thoughout the book there is a character of dwarf astronomer who takes them to different places and makes them understand. Another character is Dopey who has a lot of misconceptions and cooks stories about various things.

From the preface:

Dear Parents

This book will help you give 6- to 8-year-olds an idea of one of the most thrilling sciences, astronomy. A knowledge of astronomy is very useful for children because first, it plays an important part in forming a wide view of the world; second, the study of astronomy develops in children the power of observation and the ability to make deductions from their observations; and third: a child interested in astronomy will study nature, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry and his or her other school subjects with greater interest.

Can pre-school children understand the elementary scientific information explained in this

book? Modern educational sciences and psychology have reached the conclusion that a child’s intellectual potential is much higher than was formerly believed. Scientists believe that it is possible for pre-school children to develop not only visual image thinking but also, to some extent, abstract thinking. That is why books on mathematics, physics and biology have appeared on children’s book shelves next to the familiar fairy tales and story books. This book is about astronomy. It is not enough just to read it. The reading must be supplemented by observations, experiments and discussion of what has been observed

and read. Children will not be able to understand the material contained in this book without working on it with their parents. Before reading the book to children, please

look through it yourself, paying particular attention to the instructions at the beginning of each section.

The book has many illustrations which when being examined together with a child will enlarge and deepen the knowledge gained in reading. A child’s attention to begin with will be drawn to the large colour pictures. You can use these to discuss what has been read, or even suggest that the child make up his own stories about the pictures. The documentary photographs, engravings and drawings in the margins will help you to explain the astronomical concepts and phenomena to the child more easily and graphically.

After reading each story with the children, find out what they have understood and remembered, if the material has proved difficult for them, read it once again and look at the illustrations.

Our purpose will have been attained if our readers and listeners become interested in astronomy and will want to learn as much as possible about the stars and planets.

The book was translated from the Russian by Sergei Sosinsky and the wonderful drawing are by Sergei Alimov. It was first published by Raduga Publishers in 1986. There is a translation of this book in Marathi, I do not know if there are translations of this book in other Indian languages.

You can get the book here and here.

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All About The Telescope

Surely, you’d like to know where the Earth ends, what surrounds the Earth, how far it is to the Moon and the stars, why the stars sparkle, why a ball you throw up always falls down, why it’s warmer in the Sun in summer, why the moon is round one day and crescent shaped another, and what other planets are there besides earth.

The answers to these and many other questions are contained in P. Klushantsev’s book All About the Telescope.

The first book that I read about astronomy was Pavel Klushantsev’s Story of Telescope, which was translated in Marathi and called दुर्बिणीची गोष्ट. This book is an introduction to the wonderful world of astronomy for small children and adults alike.

It is a very well illustrated book, with just the illustrations that all would like! The book was published by Progress Publishers in 1980. It was translated from the Russian by Jan Butler. The wonderful illustrations are by E. Voishvillo, B. Kalaushin, and B. Starodubtsev. The book was designed by Y. Kiselyov.

The book has following sections:

Where does the world end?

Why are the stars so beautiful?

Can the Sky be pierced?

What are the Sun and Moon made of?

What is everything in space supported by?

Why does the Sun rise and set?

Why is the sun hotter in summer?

Why is the moon a crescent?

What Is on the moon?

What are planets?

Can you land on Mercury?

What Will We See on Venus?

Are There Martians on Mars?

What are Jupiter and Saturn like?

When will people find out more about planets?

I will soon upload the details of the book in Marathi, I do not know if there are translations of this book in other Indian languages.

Update: There are also Hindi, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati translations of the book.

You can get the book here. and here.

Gujarati here and here

here

Bengali here and here

 here

Hindi here

Thanks to gnv64 for the smaller file.


							
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Physics for Everyone – Motion and Heat

We have tried to write this book in a light and simple style, not denying ourselves the pleasure of an occasional joke with the reader. But this does not in any way mean that our Physics for Everyone is an easy book. Many of its pages must be read attentively for a long time; in order to understand physics, one must very often think hard and tensely.

L. Landua and A. Kitaigorodsky

After all the 4 books ( Book 1, Book 2, Book 3, Book 4) in which the original Physics for Everyone was split, we now finally have the original book by Lev Landau and Alexander Kitagorodsky. They say in the preface

The book’s main concern is the fundamental laws and concepts of physics. However, we have tried not to forget about illustrations from life and technology, true, not having the aim of dealing in any way with the inexhaustible field of applied physics.

The book has following chapters:
I. Basic concepts 9
II. Laws of motion 37
III. Motion from an “unreasonable” point of view 68
IV. Conservation laws 93
V. Oscillations 123
VI. Motion of solid bodies 145
VII. Gravitation 181
VIII. Pressure 215
IX. Bricks of the Universe 240
X. Structure of matter 259
XI. Temperature 285
XII. States of matter 310
XIII. Solutions 347
XIV. Friction 366
XV. Sound 387
XVI. Energy around us 440

The book was translated from the Russian by Martin Greendlinger and was first published by Mir in 1978.

You can download the book from here.

This completes the series on Physics for Everyone.

Update: All the books in the Physics for Everyone series are now up:

Physics for Everyone – Motion and Heat here.

Book 1- Physical Bodies here.

Book 2  – Molecules here.

Book 3 – Electrons here.

Book 4 – Photons and Nuclei here.

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Physics for Everyone – Book 1 – Physical Bodies

After describing the series Physics for Everyone, and writing about Book 2, Book 3, Book 4 we finally come to Book 1 of the series, namely Physical Bodies.

From the preface Kitagorodsky recalls

After many years I decided to return to an unfinished book that I wrote together with Dau, as his friends called the remarkable scientist and great-hearted man Lev Davidovich Landau. The book was Physics for Everyone. Many readers in letters had reproached me for not continuing the book. But I found it difficult because the book was a truly joint venture. So here now is a new edition of Physics for Everyone, which I have divided into four small books, each one taking the reader deeper into the structure of matter. Hence the titles Physical Bodies, Molecules, Electrons, and Photons and Nuclei. The books encompass all the main laws of physics. Perhaps there is a need to continue Physics for Everyone and to devote subsequent issues to the basics of various fields of science and technology. The first two books have undergone only slight changes, but in places the material has been considerably augmented. The other two were written by me. The careful reader, I realize, will feel the difference. But I have tried to preserve the presentation principles that Dau and I followed. These are the deductive principle and the logical principle rather than the historical. We also felt it would he well to use the language of everyday life and inject some humour. At the same time we did not oversimplify. If the reader wants to fully understand subject, he must be prepared to read some places times and pause for thought..

The subject matter of Physical Bodies has undergone the least change. It is largely the first half of the previous edition of Physics for Everyone. Since the first book of the new edition contains phenomena that do not require a knowledge of the structure of matter, it was natural to call it Physical Bodies. Of course, another possibility was to use, as is usually done, the title Mechanics (i.e. the science of motion). But the theory of heat, which is covered in the second book, Molecules, also studies motion except that what is moving is the invisible molecules and atoms. So I think the title Physical Bodies is a better choice. Physical Bodies deals largely with the laws of motion and gravitational attraction. These laws will always re-
main the foundation of physics and for this reason of science as whole.

The book was translated from the Russian by Martin Greendlinger and published by Mir first in 1978.
You can download the book from here.

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Physics for Everyone – Book 2 – Molecules

Continuing from Physics for Everyone, Book 3 and Book 4 we now come to the Book 2 in the series, namely Molecules. The story of Book 1 and Book 2 is quite interesting. They were initially written as a single book titled Physics For Everyone – Motion,  Heat. It is a thickish volume (~ 480 pages) which was written by both Lev Landau and Alexander Kitaigorodsky. In Book 2  the main concepts that are dealt are that of

On the back cover:

This is a new edition of the second half of Physics for Everyone: Motion and Heat by L. Landau and A. Kitaigordsky. The aim of the book is to provide the reader in a simple and intelligible way with a clear conception of basic ideas and most up-to-date achievements in modern physics. The reader is offered an acquaintance with phase states of matter, with structure and properties of liquid and solid solutions, with chemical reactions and law of conservation of energy at the molecular level.  This book of the series Physics for Everyone, as well as the two subsequent books (Electrons, and Photons and Nuclei), continues presentation of fundamentals of physics.

The book was written for a wide range of readers, from those making first acquaintance with physics to university graduates, non-experts in this particular field. It can be well employed as a teacher’s aid for enlivening the teaching of physics at the school level.

In the preface they say:

The book is devoted mainly to a study of the structure of matter dealt with from various aspects. The atom, however, remains, for the time being, indivisible particle conceived by Democritus of ancient Greece. Problems related to motion of molecules are considered, of course, because they are the basis of modern knowledge of thermal motion. Attention has been given, well, to problems concerning phase transitions.

The book was translated from the Russian by Martin Greendlinger and was first published by Mir in 1978.

The book has following chapters:

1. Building Blocks of the Universe
2. Structure of Matter
3. Temperature
4. States of Matter
5. Solutions
6. Molecular Mechanics
7. Transformations of Molecules
8. Laws of Thermodynamics
9. Giant Molecules

As with the cover I have tried to remake it and here is the result.

Next post will be Book 1 in Physics for Everyone, namely Physical Bodies.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Update: All the books in the Physics for Everyone series are now up:

Physics for Everyone – Motion and Heat here. and here.

 

Book 1- Physical Bodies here and here.

Book 2  – Molecules here and here.

Book 3 – Electrons here and here.

Book 4 – Photons and Nuclei here and here.

 

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Physics for Everyone – Book 3 – Electrons

I remind the reader again that this is not a formal textbook. It was written for the layman, and its purpose is to render physics intelligible to the nonspecialized reader.

A. I. Kitaigorodsky in Preface of Book 3

In continuation from the last post and the post on Physics for Everyone series we now come to the Book 3 of this series which deals with Electrons. This books was written by Alexander Kitaigordsky alone, but still maintains the style of the first two books.

In the preface A. I. Kitaigorodsky says:

The present, third, book of the series discusses the electrical structure of matter, electric forces and electromagnetic fields.

A few words about the present book, Electrons. Somewhat unusual use has been made of the necessity for reminding the reader of the definitions for the simplest concepts employed to describe electrical phenomena. I have tried to give an idea of the phenomenological approach to physics. Two out of the six chapters deal with applied physics. Electrical engineering is presented as a summary. A detailed description would require us to resort to drawings and diagrams. It was considered feasible, therefore, to limit the text to a presentation of only the basic principles of electrical engineering and of important facts that everyone should know. The same is true of the chapter on the radio. The small size of the book restricted the material to a brief history of discoveries and developments, and an account of the fundamentals of radio engineering.

From the back cover:

The fourth Russian edition of Physics for Everyone by L. Landau and A. Kitaigorodsky was published in 1978 as two separate books: Physical Bodies (Book 1) and Molecules (Book 2). They were published in English in 1979. This is the first publication of Book 3 in this series. It is called Electrons and is a sequel to Physics for Everyone.

This book deals with physical phenomena in which our attention is focussed on the on the next level in the structure of matter – the electrical structure of atoms and molecules. Electrical and radio engineering, without which the existence of today’s civilization is unconceivable, are based on laws governing the motion and interaction of  electrical particles, primarily electrons, the quanta of electricity.

The main subjects of this book are electric current, magnetism and electromagnetic fields.

The book was translated from the Russian by Nicholas Weinstein and was first published in English in 1981 by Mir. The book has following chapters:

1. Electricity
2. Electrical Structure of Matter
3. Electromagnetism
4. Summary of Electrical Engineering
5. Electromagnetic Fields
6. Radio

As again with the covers I have tried to recreate the original and here is the result.

 

The next post would be Book 2 in this series, namely, Molecules.

 

 

 

 

Update: All the books in the Physics for Everyone series are now up:

Physics for Everyone – Motion and Heat here. and here.

 

Book 1- Physical Bodies here and here.

Book 2  – Molecules here and here.

Book 3 – Electrons here and here.

Book 4 – Photons and Nuclei here and here.

 

 

 

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Physics for Everyone – Book 4 – Photons and Nuclei

In one of the previous post I had mentioned about a series of books by Lev Landau and A. I. Kitaigorodsky. In Books 1 and 2 both Landau and Kitaigorodsky are authors. But Book 3 and 4 are written by Kitaigorodsky alone. We will start with Book 4 of this series, which deals with Photons and Nuclei.

From the backcover:

This book concludes the series Physics for Everyone by the world-renowned scientist, winner of the Nobel and Lenin prizes, academician Lev Landau and the distinguished physicist Alexander Kitaigorodosky, This book discusses in a simple easy-to-understand manner the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves, thermal radiation, and current treatment of spectroscopic analysis. Provides an introduction to the field of nuclear physics and explains the most common types of lasers. Outlines principal aspects theory of relativity and quantum theory.

The translation of the book from the original Russian was done by George Yankovsky and was first published by Mir in 1981. The book has 7 chapters in all.

1. Soft Electromagnetic Radiation

2. Optical Instruments

3. Hard Electromagnetic Radiation

4. Generalizations of Mechanics

5. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei

6. Energy Around Us

7. The Physics of the Universe

The original covers that I had in physical copy was damaged in all the books expect Book 3. So I have tried to remake the covers. Though the cover loses some its original charm, but its the best that could be done by me.

Here is the result:

 

Next post would be Book 3 in this series, namely, Electrons.

 

 

 

Update: All the books in the Physics for Everyone series are now up:

Physics for Everyone – Motion and Heat here. and here.

 

Book 1- Physical Bodies here and here.

Book 2  – Molecules here and here.

Book 3 – Electrons here and here.

Book 4 – Photons and Nuclei here and here.

 

 

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Handbook of Elementary Physics – Koshkin, Shirkevich

In the previous post we discussed about two Handbooks of Mathematics by M. Vygodsky. In this post I will be discussing a Handbook of Elementary Physics that I know of, two other Handbooks by Yarovsky and Detlaf will be discussed soon.

The Handbook of Elementary Physics by N. Koshkin and M. Shirkevich [ N. I. Koškin; M. G. Širkevič] is my companion since my school days. This is also one of the few technical books that have come from Foreign Languages Publishing House [most of their books I know are Children’s’ books or Russian Literature], which was also state run.  This handbook runs for about 220 pages and the date of publication is not present, at least in the copy that I have. But a simple search at world-cat tells you that this Hanbook is quite old, you get results of English trnalations from 1960s till late 80s and was also published by Mir Publishers. There is also an interesting entry at world-cat about a Hindi edition of this book published in 2010, by Rachana Prakshan, Delhi [ISBN: 818104052X 9788181040527]. The title of the entry reads:

सरल भौतिकी निर्देशिका
नि. कोश्किन मि. शिर्केविच (करता );
पुनर्लेखन एवं रूपांतर अनिल शर्मा

Sarala bhautikī nidarśikā :

Ni. I. Kośakina, Mi. Gri. Śirkevica kr̥ta ;

punarlekhana evaṃ rūpāntara, Anila Śarmā.

But I could not get any other details. I do not know if there are any other translations in other Indian languages.

The Preface Reads:

The compilers of the present handbook, N. I. Koshkin and M. G. Shirkevich, are experienced Soviet teachers. The handbook covers all the main subjects of elementary physics and contains information most frequently required in industry and agriculture.

Special attention has been paid to the choice of data on the latest developments in physics, such as semiconductors, ferro-electrics, nuclear physics, etc. In addition to graphs and tables the book offers brief theoretical expositions, definitions of fundamental concepts and formulations of laws accompanied by explanations and examples.

The handbook is intended for wide circles of readers in various occupations, and for students with a background of secondary school physics.


The Handbook has the following Chapters: Mechanics, Heat and Molecular Physics, Mechanical Oscillations and Wave Motion, Electricity, Optics, Structure of Atoms and Elementary Particles.

If the physical significance of the tabulated quantity is not quite clear to the reader, he should refer to the relevant section: “Fundamental Concepts and Laws”.

Each chapter is further divided into two sections. First, Fundamental Concepts and Laws, which illustrate the the basic theories that describe the phenomena. Second part has actual physical data in form of Tables and Graphs, which are quite detailed and numerous for a Handbook of this size.

The numerical values of the quantities are given to two or three significant figures after the decimal point, which is sufficiently precise for most technical calculations.

I saw my first color spectrum in this handbook, which is shown below:


Finally, there are Appendices which contain information on the units of measure of physical quantities, formulas for approximate calculations, and the values of some universal physical constants.

You can get the book from here and here.

Hindi version here and here.

Update: Internet Archive link added | 02 December 2015

 

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Handbooks of Mathematics

However, it is well to bear in mind that neither handbook, nor textbook alone suffices  to give the reader a knowledge of the subject: he must use pencil and paper and work through the examples and problems for himself.

This is how the preface of the Mathematical Handbook – Elementary Mathematics by M. Vygodsky ends. The book has about 420 pages and was first published in 1979 by Mir Publishers. The book I have is the fourth reprint in 1984 and was translated from Russian by George Yankovsky. This book has been reprinted by Visalandhra (last reprint 2005) and CBS (2004) both. In fact you can still purchase the Elementary Mathematics handbook from Flipkart for just Rs. 80.

The book has following sections

Tables,Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry (Plane and Solid), Trigonometry, Functions and Graphs

The current scan is from VisalAndhra Publishing House 2005 print. The scan quality is not very good.

All credits to the Original Uploader

No OCR | 426 pg.  | No Cover | No bookmarks

You can get the book here and here.

Handbook and Textbook:

An attempt has been made to combine the merits of both books in one text.

If this Handbook caught your attention then the Mathematical Handbook – Higher Mathematics by Vygodsky must seen. The book has about 820 pages, almost double the size of the one on Elementary Mathematics.

The English translation was first published by Mir in 1975. The one I have is Fourth Reprint in 1984, and translation is by George Yankovsky.

This book is with me since I needed to have a Reference book for Mathematics. The Preface says:

This handbook is a continuation of the Handbook of Elementary Mathematics by the same author and includes the material usually studied in a mathematics course in higher educational institutions.
The designation of this handbook is twofold.
Firstly it is reference work in which the reader can find definitions (what is a vector product) and factual information, such as how to find the surface of a solid of revolution or how to expand the function in a trigonometric series, and so on. Definitions, theorems, rules and formulas (accompanied by examples and practical hints) are readily found by reference to the comprehensive index or table of contents.

Secondly, the handbook is intended for systematic reading. It does not take the place of a textbook and so full proofs are only given in exceptional cases. However, it can well serve as a material for the first acquaintance with the subject.

This book is listed in Flipkart for Rs. 388/-, but is currently unavailable. I do not know if there are any translations of these books in Indian languages.

The Higher Mathematics handbook has a photo with autograph, no details about the photograph are given.

I think the photo is of the author M. Vygodsky, but I am not sure. If anyone knows whose photo it is, please let me know. [P.S. Sanjay has told [see comment] that this photo is indeed of M. Vygodsky]. The paper of the book was considerably yellowed, so this photo of that page, is no that good. But I have tried my best, to present it.

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