Structural Geology brings together in condensed form the fundamentals of the geology of primary and secondary forms of occurrence of rocks—sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. It outlines the main principles of tectonic physics and sets out the basic mechanisms of folding and faulting. A classification of structural forms is provided, and the processes governing their historical, mechanical, and regional combinations are established. A special chapter deals with non-tectonic dislocations. The book is intended as a textbook for students of geological faculties at universities and schools of mining and geology.
Vladimir Belousov, a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and author of this book, is the chairman of the International Committee for Project Upper Mantle. He leads a department at the USSR Academy’s Institute of the Physics of the Earth and holds the chair of dynamic geology at Moscow State University. Professor Belousov’s primary research focuses on geotectonics and general geophysics. He has authored 200 published works, including notable titles such as Structural Geology, Types and Origin of Folding, The Earth’s Crust and the Upper Mantle of Continents, and the monograph Fundamental Problems of Geotectonics.
Translated by A. Gurevich
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Original scan by Servants of Knowledge. This is a cleaned optimised scan.
Note: The text is heavily warped in some page but it is very clear print and readable.
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Contents
Introduction 7
Chapter I
PRIMARY STRUCTURAL FORMS. General 11
Primary Structural Forms of Sedimentary Rocks 12
Primary Structural Forms of Igneous Rocks 20
Methods of Investigation of Primary Structural Forms of Igneous Rocks 33
Chapter II
SECONDARY STRUCTURAL FORMS. General 35
4. Causes of Disturbance of the Primary Structural Forms 35
5. The Principal Kinds of Dislocations 36
6. The Mechanism of Deformation 36
7. The Mechanics of Rock Failure 40
Chapter III
FOLDING 54
8. Monoclines and Flexures 54
9. Upwarps and Downwarps 55
10. The Principal Morphological Types of Folds 59
11. Relationship Between Folds of Different Strata 68
12. Morphological Types of Folding 72
13. The Methods of Study of Folding 77
Chapter IV
THE FOLDING MECHANISM AND THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF FOLDS 80
14. Kinematic Classification of Folds 80
15. Block Folding 82
16. General Crumpling 86
17. Injection Folding 94
Chapter V
DISRUPTIVE DISLOCATION OF ROCKS MORPHOLOGY 99
18. Joints 99
19. Faults 102
Chapter VI
NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISLOCATIONS 108
20. Division of Rocks by Joints and Fractures 108
21. Development of Faults 110
22. Kinematic Classification of Faults 132
23. Deep Fractures and the Fundamental Divisibility of the Earth’s Crust 133
24. Phenomena Accompanying Faults 135
25. Study of Faults 137
Chapter VII
DISLOCATION OF IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS 141
26. Dislocations of Igneous Rocks 141
27. Dislocations of Metamorphic Rocks 143
Chapter VIII
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXES 153
28. Historical Combination of Structures 153
29. Mechanical Combinations 159
30. Regional Combinations 162
Chapter IX
NON-TECTONIC DISLOCATIONS 168
31. Non-uniform Compaction 168
32. Changes in the Volume of Rocks due to Physico-Chemical Processes 169
33. Enveloping 172
34. Squeezing Under Non-uniform Load 174
35. Weathering 175
36. Bending of Strata on Slopes 176
37. Karsting 176
38. Landslides and Rock Falls 176
39. The Action of Glaciers and Permafrost 176
Subject Index 177
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