Mir Books

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CONTENTS

Notation 7

Units of Measurement 12

General Remarks on the Problems 13

Chapter 1. Tension and Compression
1.1. Axial Force 15
1.2. Normal Stresses, Total Elongation and Potential Energy 17
1.3. Lateral Deformation and Volume Change 19
1.4. Displacements of Points in Hinged-End Bar Systems 21
1.5. Strength and Stiffness 25
1.6. Taking the Dead Weight into Account 29
1.7. Statically Indeterminate Systems 32

Chapter 2. States of Stress and Strength Theories
2.1. Linear, Planar and Volumetric States of Stress 45
2.2. Strength Theories and Equivalent Stresses 51

Chapter 3. Thin-Walled Vessels 54

Chapter 4. Shear 61

Chapter 5. Design of Various Joints 63

Chapter 6. Geometrical Properties of Plane Figures
6.1. Static Moments of a Section 69
6.2. Moments of Inertia of the Area of a Section 71

Chapter 7. Torsion
7.1. Torque 80
7.2. Shearing Stresses, Angle of Twist and Elastic Strain Energy 82
7.3. Strength and Rigidity (Stiffness) 86
7.4. Statically Indeterminate Problems 91

Chapter 8. Transverse Bending
8.1. Transverse (Shearing) Force and Bending Moment 99
8.2. Normal Stresses and Selection of the Cross Section of Beams 118
8.3. Shearing Stresses, Shear Centre and Checking the Strength of Beams on the Basis of Shearing Stresses 127
8.4. Principal Stresses and Overall Checking of the Strength of Beams 136
8.5. Fundamentals of Limit Design for Beams 143
8.6. Displacements in Bending 146
8.7. Beams of Variable Cross Section 163
8.8. Statically Indeterminate Beams 172
8.9. Elastic Strain Energy in Bending 183

Chapter 9. Combined Strength of Straight Beams of High Rigidity
9.1. Oblique, or Unsymmetrical, Bending 206
9.2. Combined Tension or Compression and Bending 214
9.3. Combined Tension or Compression and Torsion 230
9.4. Combined Torsion and Bending 232
9.5. General Case of Combined Stress 244
9.6. Helical Extension or Compression Springs 252

Chapter 10. Lateral Deflection and Buckling of Columns
10.1. Critical Force and Critical Stress 258
10.2. Stability Calculations for Compressed Bars (Columns) 261
10.3. Bending Induced by Axial Loading 273

Chapter 11. Plane Curved Beams
11.1. Axial Force, Transverse (Shearing) Force and Bending Moment 279
11.2. Stresses 291
11.3. Strength Calculations 295

Chapter 12. Strain Energy Method of Designing Elastic Systems
12.1. Determining Elastic Generalized Displacements 299
12.2. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Systems 317
12.3. Plane Thin-Walled Rings 332

Chapter 13. Thick-Walled Tubes
13.1. Cylindrical Tubes 357
13.2. Composite (Built-up) Cylindrical Tubes 363

Chapter 14. Dynamic Loads
14.1. Design of Moving Bodies (Systems) Taking Inertia into Account 370
14.2. Oscillations (Vibrations) of Elastic Bodies 379
14.3. Impact 401

Chapter 15. Alternating Stresses
15.1. Basic Factors Affecting the Fatigue Strength 420
15.2. Strength Analysis for a Uniaxial Stressed State and Pure Shear (Torsion) 424
15.3. Strength Analysis for a Complex Stressed State 430

Appendices 437

Answers to Problems 456

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Laboratory Manual Of Organic Synthesis by M. N. Khramkina

Posted on September 5, 2026 by The Mitr

This book explains the modern theoretical concepts of organic chemistry to the extent needed for carrying out synthesis. A more detailed exposition of theoretical aspects, especially those involving the reaction mechanisms, is given in textbooks of organic chemistry.

This textbook presents a large number of syntheses. The greatest attention is devoted to laboratory operations which are of practical and methodological importance. If need be, a laboratory operation in a given subject can be replaced by a similar one in the students’ future speciality. In addition, when there is a large number of syntheses, the instructor can select those needed for review problems to see how well the students have learned their material.

Certain guides to organic synthesis were used when the textbook was being written.

This edition of the textbook has new material on the mechanism of individual reactions and a chapter on the identification of organic compounds.

Translated from the Russian by Nicholas Bobrov

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CONTENTS
Preface
Part I — METHODS USED IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Chapter 1 — WORK AND SAFETY RULES
1.1. Principal Laboratory Operations
Assembly
Cleaning and Drying Laboratory Equipment
Literature, Notebooks and Reports
1.2. Safety Rules in the Organic Synthesis Laboratory
Precautions and First Aid in Case of Accidents
Work with Poisons and Caustics
Work with Highly Flammable Substances and Explosives
Rules of Handling Glassware
First Aid in Case of Burns, Poisonings and Other Accidents
Local Fires and Burning Laboratory Equipment
Chapter 2 — PRINCIPAL LABORATORY OPERATIONS
2.1. Heating
2.2. Cooling
2.3. Measuring and Controlling the Temperature
2.4. Grinding and Stirring
2.5. Dissolution and Properties of Some Organic Solvents
Ethyl Alcohol
Methyl Alcohol
Ether
Petroleum Ether
Acetone
2.6. Drying and Principal Drying Agents
Drying Gases
Drying Organic Liquids
Drying Solids
Principal Drying Agents
2.7. Filtration
Filtration at Atmospheric Pressure
Suction Filtration
Chapter 3 — METHODS OF PURIFYING ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
3.1. Crystallisation
Solvent Selection
Recrystallisation Procedure
Formation of Crystals
3.2. Sublimation
3.3. Extraction
3.4. Distillation
Simple Distillation at Atmospheric Pressure
Steam Distillation
Vacuum Distillation (at Reduced Pressure)
Fractional Distillation
Rectification
3.5. Chromatography
Adsorption Chromatography (Column Chromatography)
Partition Chromatography
Paper Chromatography
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Chapter 4 — DETERMINATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
4.1. Melting Point
4.2. Boiling Point
4.3. Specific Gravity
4.4. Refractive Index
4.5. Molecular Weight
Chapter 5 — WORK WITH COMPRESSED AND LIQUEFIED GASES
5.1. Gas Cylinders and How to Use Them
5.2. Dosing Gases
5.3. Purification of Gases and Their Introduction into an Apparatus
5.4. Safety Rules in Handling Gas Cylinders
Chapter 6 — QUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
6.1. Semimicrodetermination of Carbon and Hydrogen
Assembly
Analysis
6.2. Semimicrodetermination of Nitrogen (According to Dumas)
Assembly
Analysis
6.3. Microdetermination of Carbon and Hydrogen
Assembly
Analysis
Part II — SYNTHESES OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Chapter 7 — HALOGENATION REACTIONS
7.1. Replacement of the Hydroxyl Group of Alcohols by a Halogen
7.2. Replacement of the Hydroxyl Group of Acids by a Halogen
7.3. Halogen Addition to a Multiple Bond
7.4. Direct Replacement of Hydrogen by a Halogen
7.5. Syntheses
Ethyl Bromide
Acetylene and Ethyl Bromide
Ethyl Iodide
Butyl Bromide
Acetyl Chloride
Benzoyl Chloride
1,2-Dibromoethane
Bromobenzene
α-Bromonaphthalene
p-Bromoanisole
Chapter 8 — ALKYLATION REACTIONS
8.1. Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds by Alcohols in the Presence of Sulphuric Acid
8.2. Preparation of Ethers
8.3. Syntheses
sec-Butylbenzene
Dibutyl Ether
Isoamyl Ether
Diphenyl Ether
Phenetole
β-Naphthyl Ethyl Ether (Nerolin, Bromelia)
Anisole
Chapter 9 — ACYLATION REACTIONS
9.1. Acylation of Alcohols and Amines by Carboxylic Acids
9.2. Acylation of Alcohols, Phenols and Amines by Acyl Chlorides
9.3. Acylation of Amines by Acid Anhydrides
9.4. Syntheses
Ethyl Acetate
Isoamyl Acetate
Ethyl Chloroacetate
Diethyl Oxalate (Oxalic Ester)
Ethyl Benzoate
Benzanilide
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
β-Naphthyl Acetate
Acetanilide
Chapter 10 — FRIEDEL-CRAFTS REACTIONS
10.1. Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds
10.2. Acylation of Aromatic Compounds
10.3. Syntheses
Isopropylbenzene
Diphenylmethane
Acetophenone
Benzophenone
Chapter 11 — OXIDATION REACTIONS
11.1. Oxidation at the Double Bond
11.2. Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols to Aldehydes or Ketones
11.3. Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones to Acids
11.4. Oxidation of Methyl and Methylene Groups
11.5. Preparation of Quinones by Oxidation
11.6. Syntheses
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Isovaleraldehyde
Benzophenone
Isobutyric Acid
Valeric Acid
Benzoic Acid
Benzoquinone
Anthraquinone
Chapter 12 — NITRATION REACTIONS
12.1. Nitration of Hydrocarbons of the Fatty Series
12.2. Nitration of Hydrocarbons of the Aromatic Series
12.3. Syntheses
Nitromethane
Nitrobenzene
o-,p-Nitrotoluene
o-,p-Nitrophenol
α-Nitronaphthalene
Chapter 13 — AMINATION REACTIONS
13.1. Preparation of Amines of the Fatty Series
13.2. Preparation of Amines of the Aromatic Series
13.3. Syntheses
Methylamine
Aniline
o-,p-Toluidine
α-Naphthylamine
Preparation of α-Naphthylamine Hydrochloride
Chapter 14 — SULPHONATION REACTIONS
14.1. Sulphonation of Aromatic Compounds
14.2. Syntheses
β-Naphthalenesulphonic Acid (Sodium Salt)
Benzenesulphonic Acid (Sodium Salt)
p-Toluenesulphonic Acid
Sulphanilic Acid
Chapter 15 — DIAZOTIZATION AND AZO COUPLING REACTIONS
15.1. Diazonium Salt Reactions with Loss of Nitrogen
15.2. Diazonium Salt Reactions without Loss of Nitrogen
15.3. Syntheses
Phenol
Iodobenzene
Helianthin
β-Naphthol Orange
Chapter 16 — GRIGNARD REACTIONS
16.1. Preparation of Hydrocarbons
Quantitative Determination of Active Hydrogen by the Chugaev-Tserevitinov Method
16.2. Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
16.3. Preparation of Alcohols
16.4. Syntheses
Phenylacetic Acid
Triphenylcarbinol
Diphenylcarbinol (Benzhydrol)
Chapter 17 — CANNIZZARO REACTIONS
17.1. Synthesis of Benzoic Acid and Benzyl Alcohol
Chapter 18 — CLAISEN REACTIONS
18.1. Syntheses
Ethyl Acetoacetate
Benzoylacetone
Chapter 19 — POLYMERIZATION AND POLYCONDENSATION REACTIONS
19.1. Polymerization
19.2. Polycondensation (Condensation Polymerization)
19.3. Syntheses
Paraldehyde
Polystyrene
Polymethyl Methacrylate
Copolymer of Styrene with Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl Methacrylate (from Methyl Methacrylate)
Glyptal Resin
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Chapter 20 — IDENTIFICATION
20.1. Preliminary Tests
20.2. Qualitative Reactions
20.3. Preparation of Derivatives
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
SUPPLEMENTS
Drying Agents for Organic Compounds
Steam Pressure at Different Temperatures
Pressure of Liquefied Gases in Cylinders
Colour Code of Compressed Gas Cylinders
Density of Sulphuric Acid Solutions (20°C)
Density of Hydrochloric Acid Solutions (20°C)
Density of Nitric Acid Solutions (20°C)
Density of Sodium Hydroxide Solutions (20°C)
Density of Potassium Hydroxide Solutions (20°C)
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Phenols and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Ketones and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Physical Properties of Primary and Secondary Amines and Their Derivatives (Acetamides)
Physical Properties of Acid Halides and Their Derivatives (Anilides)

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Work And The Brain by Yuri Frolov

Posted on September 4, 2026 by The Mitr

Pavlov’s Teaching and Its Application to Problems of Scientific Organisation of Work

Translated from the Russian by Xenia Danko Edited by David A. Myshne

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CONTENTS

Page

Preface
9

Chapter One. Organism and Environment
Work and the Sense Organs 13
Man’s Adaptability to His Environment and the Changes Produced in the Latter by His Work 21
Pavlovian Physiology as Related to Studying Work and Mental Hygiene 27

Chapter Two. General Physiology and Kinesiology
The Physiology of Natural Movements and of Physical Culture Activities as an Introduction to the Study of Work 31
Studying and Measuring Muscular Work 38
Human Hand as the Body’s Working Organ 45
Artificial (Mechanical) Hand 50

Chapter Three. Conditioned Reflexes and Formation of Behaviour

Methods of Studying the Structure and Function of the Brain 56
Essence of Pavlov’s Teaching on Higher Nervous Activity (Behaviour) of Animals and Man 66

Chapter Four. Internal Inhibition of Conditioned Reflexes
Excitation and Inhibition—Two Aspects of Higher Nervous Activity 78
Analysers 83
Operation of Nervous Processes in the Cerebral Cortex 86
Orienting Reflex—the Physiological Basis of Attention 94
Trace Conditioned Reflex—Foundation of Memory 97
Conditioned Inhibitors 101

Chapter Five. Higher Nervous Activity and Acquisition of Skills

Muscles—Chief Source of Conditioned Reflexes 104
Learning to Use Work Tools 110
Possible Methods of Training Skills 114
Physiological Role of Emotions in Vocational Training 121
Dynamic Pattern of Behaviour and the Importance of Changing the Patterns in the Physiology of Labour 123

Chapter Six. Second Signal System and Creative Work

Speech, Counting and Writing as Second Signals of Reality 128
Development of Second Signal System in the Process of Work 139
Work Tools and Corresponding Physiological Functions 146
Relationship Between First and Second Signal Systems in the Process of Creative Work 152

Chapter Seven. Several Problems of Physiology and Hygiene of Physical Work

Essence of Working Skills and Habits 157
Timing Working Operations 159
F. W. Taylor’s “Scientific Management” System and Its Criticism 162
Peculiarities of Work Under Conditions of Modern Serial Production 167
Mechanisation of Production and Rationalisation of Work 175

Chapter Eight. Can Mental Work Be Scientifically Organised?

Health and Creative Efficiency in Mental Work 179
Pavlov on Planning Studies and Scientific Work 186
Preparation for Work on Scientific Subject and Study of Literature 189
Peculiarities of Lecturing and Planning Lectures 194
Essential and Non-essential Differences Between Physical and Mental Work 203
Corrective Physical Exercise for Intellectual Workers 205
Breathing Exercises 210

Chapter Nine. Aids to Mental Work

“Bibliographical Combine” and Other Aids Used in Mental Work 216
Electronic Computing and Analytical Machines 221
Can Machinery Completely Supersede the Human Brain? 228

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Semiconductor Physics by P.S. Kireev

Posted on September 3, 2026 by The Mitr

This textbook originates from lectures delivered by the author to students of the Semiconductor Materials and Devices Faculty at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys. It assumes prior knowledge of subjects like Crystallography and Quantum Mechanics, allowing the material to focus exclusively on semiconductor physics without revisiting crystal lattice structures or atomic bonding. Leveraging students’ understanding of quantum mechanics, the textbook employs rigorous methods to address topics such as energy band structures and charge carrier transitions, including their interactions with lattice defects, phonons, and photons. Detailed intermediate calculations and experimental data further enhance comprehension.

While the material is presented at a high level, it remains accessible, supported by clear derivations and illustrations. Group theory methods are introduced to simplify problem-solving but are confined to an appendix, as this subject is typically not part of technical college curricula. The book deliberately avoids covering the operation of specific semiconductor devices, treating Semiconductor Physics as a distinct discipline with a focus on fundamental principles.

Translated from the Russian by Mark Samokhvalov

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CONTENTS
Preface 9

Chapter I. Introduction. Electron Theory of Conductivity 11

Electron Theory of Conductivity. Ohm’s Law 11
Mean-Free Time and Free-Path Distribution Functions 16
Electron Distribution Function. Mean Values of Physical Quantities 20
Semiconductors. The Classification of Materials According to Their Conductivity 31
Semiconductor Conductivity Models. The Concept of a Hole 35
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Conductivities 39
Chapter II. The Fundamentals of the Band Theory of Semiconductors 42
7. The Schrödinger Equation for the Crystal 42
8. The Adiabatic Approximation 45
9. Single Electron Approximation 50
10. Periodic Field of the Crystal Lattice. Translational Operator 54
11. Quasimomentum 59
12. The Effective Mass of the Electron 64
13. Relation Between Velocity and Quasimomentum 70
14. Acceleration Operator 73
15. Brillouin Zones 80
16. Normalising Inside a Potential Box and the Discrete Nature of Quasimomentum 85
17. Theory of the Quasifree Electron 90
18. Theory of the Quasibound Electron 105
19. Effective Mass Method. Influence of External Fields on Energy Spectrum of a Crystal 119
20. Localised States 125
21. Elementary Theory of Impurity States 130
22. Surface States 138
23. Quantisation of Electron Energy in a Magnetic Field. Landau Levels 141
24. Pauli Principle. Concept of Metal, Semiconductor, and Dielectric 146
25. Main Features of the Hole 153
26. Band Structure of Some Semiconductors. Calculation Methods 158
27. Quasiparticle Concept 175

Chapter III. Electron and Hole Statistics in Semiconductors 180
28. Density of States 180
29. Electron and Hole Concentrations 189
30. Electric Neutrality Equation 197
31. Intrinsic Semiconductor 200
32. Extrinsic Semiconductor. Impurity of One Type 205
33. Semiconductor Doped with Both Acceptor and Donor Impurities 215
34. Degenerate Semiconductor 221
35. Density of States in a Magnetic Field 225

Chapter IV. Kinetic Phenomena in Semiconductors 234
36. Boltzmann’s Kinetic Equation 234
37. Relaxation Time 241
38. Electric Current Density and Energy Flux Density 249
39. Kinetic Coefficients 253
40. Conductivity of Semiconductors 261
41. Galvanomagnetic Effects 270
42. Hall Effect in Extrinsic Conductivity Range 280
43. Hall Effect in a Substance with Several Types of Charge Carriers 288
44. Magnetic Field Dependence of Hall Coefficient 294
45. Magnetoresistive Effect 302
46. Heat Conductivity of Semiconductors 311
47. Thermoelectric Phenomena 318
48. Thermomagnetic Phenomena 334
49. General Analysis of Kinetic Phenomena 338
50. On Kinetic Phenomena in Semiconductors with Tensor Effective Masses 348
51. Tensorsensitive Effect. Tensorsensitivity 352
52. Piezoresistive Effect. Piezoresistance Coefficients 359

Chapter V. The Theory of Charge Carrier Scattering 369
53. Effective Scattering Cross Section 369
54. Relationship Between Relaxation Time and Effective Cross Section 378
55. Elements of Quantum Transition Theory 383
56. Impurity Ion Scattering 390
57. Scattering by Neutral Impurity Atoms 398
58. Lattice Vibrations. Normal Coordinates, Phonons 401
59. Acoustical and Optical Lattice Vibrations 409
60. Lattice Specific Heat. Phonon Statistics 422
61. Scattering by Thermal Lattice Vibrations. Method of Deformation Potential 432
62. Temperature Dependence of Charge Carrier Mobility 441
63. Dependence of Relaxation Time on External Fields. Deviations from Ohm’s Law 452

Chapter VI. Charge Carrier Recombination 461
64. Continuity Equation. Lifetime 461
65. Recombination Mechanism. Linear Recombination 472
66. Diffusion and Drift of Nonequilibrium Charge Carriers 484
67. Surface Recombination 492

Chapter VII. Contact Phenomena in Semiconductors 497
68. Debye Length 497
69. Work Function 510
70. Contact Potential Difference. Metal-Metal Contact 515
71. Metal-Semiconductor Contact 519
72. Inhomogeneous Semiconductor, p-n Junction 525

Chapter VIII. Optical and Photoelectrical Phenomena in Semiconductors 532
73. Light-Absorption Spectrum 532
74. Light Absorption by Free Charge Carriers 536
75. Cyclotron Resonance 546
76. Intrinsic Light Absorption 555
77. Absorption of Light by the Lattice 573
78. Light Absorption by Electrons in Localised States 579
79. Influence of the Ambient on Absorption Spectrum 586
80. Photoresistive Effect 590
81. Dember Effect. Photovoltaic Effect 599
82. Photomagnetoelectric Effect 608
83. Faraday Effect 613
84. Spin-Orbital Splitting of Energy Bands 623

Appendix. Introduction to the Theory of Groups 633

Space Transformations 633
Group of Symmetry Transformations. Properties of Group Elements 639
Relation Between Groups 643
Representation of Groups 646
The Properties of Irreducible Representations 649
The Basis of a Representation 652
Direct Product of Representations 655
Point Groups 659
Translational Groups. Brillouin Zones 665
The Wave Vector Group 671
Schrödinger Equation 680
Twin Groups. Time Inversion 684
Recommended Literature 694

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Repair Of Power Transformers by V. Khudyakov

Posted on September 2, 2026 by The Mitr

This book outlines the amount of technical knowledge necessary for electricians specializing in transformer repairs and is intended for training at vocational schools or on the job.

Translated from the Russian by S. Kittell

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Preface 8

Chapter One. AN OUTLINE OF TRANSFORMERS 9
1.1. Application of Transformers 9
1.2. Principle of Operation of the Transformer and Basic Definitions 11
1.3. Power Transformer Performance 16
1.4. Single- and Three-Phase Transformers 23
1.5. Circuit Symbols. Types and Phase-Displacement Groups of Transformer Winding Connections 27
1.6. Autotransformers 36
1.7. Specific Features of Some Special-Purpose Transformers 40
1.8. Operation of Power Transformers Under Actual Service Conditions 50
1.9. Voltage Control 56
1.10. Transformer Winding Arrangements for On-Load Tap Changing 62

Chapter Two. MATERIALS USED IN TRANSFORMERS 66
2.1. Properties of Insulating Materials 66
2.2. Insulating Materials Used in Transformer Repair Work 72
2.3. Conductor and Magnetic Materials 79
2.4. Auxiliary Materials Used When Repairing Transformers 82

Chapter Three. TRANSFORMER DESIGN 87
3.1. Classification and Designations 87
3.2. General Design of Transformers 90
3.3. The Transformer Core 91
3.4. The Windings 102
3.5. Tapping Switches (Tap-Changers) 117
3.6. The Leads 141
3.7. Terminal Bushings 146
3.8. Transformer Insulation 155
3.9. Transformer Tank, Coolers, Oil Conservator, Thermosiphon Filter, and Other Transformer Fittings 161
3.10. Protective Devices and Instruments 177

Chapter Four. ORGANIZATION OF REPAIR WORK 190
4.1. Types of Repair Work 190
4.2. Preparation for Repair and the Organization of Repair Work 192
4.3. Specific Features of Transformer Repair Work. Conditions of Opening Up the Transformer for Inspection 196

Chapter Five. MEDIUM TRANSFORMER REPAIR (INSPECTION) 200
5.1. Disassembling the Transformer 200
5.2. Repairing the Windings 205
5.3. Repairing the Core 210
5.4. Repairing the Tap-Changers and Leads 214
5.5. Repairing the Terminal Bushings 217
5.6. Repairing the Tank Cover and Installing the Terminal Bushings and Other Fittings on the Cover 220
5.7. Repairing the Tank, Oil Conservator, and Other Fittings Installed on the Tank Cover 222
5.8. Tanking the Core-Coil Assembly 226
5.9. Mounting the Oil Conservator, Buchholz Relay, and Other Fittings. Testing the Transformer for Leak Tightness 228

Chapter Six. MAJOR TRANSFORMER REPAIR (OVERHAUL) 232
6.1. Dismantling the Tap-Changer, Terminal Bushings, Tank Cover, and Leads 233
6.2. Dismantling the Top Yoke Clamps and Unblading the Top Yoke 234
6.3. Dismantling the Windings and Insulation. Inspecting the Core 237
6.4. Repairing the Core with Complete Disassembly 239
6.5. Repairing and Making the Windings 252
6.6. Repairing and Making the Major Insulation 257
6.7. Fitting the Insulation. Mounting and Packing Out the Windings 260
6.8. Specific Features of Mounting the Windings of Transformers for 110 to 220 kV 264
6.9. Re-Blading the Top Yoke. Clamping the Windings and the Top Yoke 269
6.10. Soldering, Welding, Insulating, and Fastening the Leads 272
6.11. Drying Out, Inspecting, and Assembling Transformers 282
6.12. Specific Features of Drying Out and Repairing Transformers for 110 kV and Upwards 290

Chapter Seven. DRYING OUT, PURIFYING, AND DEGASSING THE TRANSFORMER OIL 300
7.1. Cleaning the Oil of Moisture and Mechanical Impurities. Regenerating the Oil 300
7.2. Degassing the Transformer Oil 307

Chapter Eight. TRANSFORMER TESTING 309
8.1. Testing the Transformer Oil 310
8.2. Measuring the Insulation Resistance 313
8.3. Testing the Insulation 317
8.4. Determining the Transformation Ratio, Phase-Displacement Group of the Winding Connection, and D.C. Resistance of the Windings 320
8.5. Measuring the No-Load Current and the No-Load and Short-Circuit Losses 322
8.6. Determining the Insulation Characteristics 323

Bibliography 327
Index 328

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सोवियत स्कूली शिक्षा की समस्याएं – अ. माकारेंको (Problems Of Soviet School Education In Hindi by A. Makarenko)

Posted on September 1, 2026 by The Mitr

सोवियत शिक्षा और इसकी समस्याओं पर सोवियत शिक्षाशास्त्री ए. माकारेंको के निबंधों का संग्रह।
पेडागॉजिकल साइंस के उम्मीदवार वी. अरांस्की और ए. पिस्कुनोव द्वारा संकलित।
अनुवादक: राजवल्लभ ओझा।

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Mirrors Of Moscow by Louise Bryant

Posted on August 31, 2026 by The Mitr

“Mirrors of Moscow” by Louise Bryant is a collection of journalistic sketches and profiles that examines the political and social atmosphere of revolutionary Russia. Published in 1923, the book provides an insightful, though subjective, portrayal of the key figures and events that shaped Soviet Russia in the aftermath of the 1917 Revolution.

With five illustrations by Césare

You can get the book here and here

Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/mirtitles.bsky.social

Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/mir-titles

Fork us on gitlab https://gitlab.com/mirtitles

Contents

Foreword

Lenin and His Subordinates
Jacob Peters, Feodor S. Dzerzhinsky, and the Extraordinary Commission
Anatoly Vasilievich Lunacharsky and Russian Culture
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin and the Peasants
Madame Alexandra Kollontai and the Woman’s Movement
Leon Trotsky, Soviet Warlord
Enver Pasha and the Mohammedans
Tikhon and the Russian Church
Chicherin, Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and His Subordinates
Maxim Litvinov, Assistant Commissar
Leonid Krassin and Subordinates

Posted in books | Tagged biographies, historical sketches, october revolution, russian revolution, soviet literature, soviet society | Leave a comment

Stability And Oscillation Of Elastic Systems Modern Concepts, Paradoxes And Errors by Ya. G. Panovko; I. I. Gubanova

Posted on August 30, 2026 by The Mitr

This book discusses contemporary problems such as “jumps” in elastic systems, problems of aeroelasticity, problems of frictional self-oscillations, and self-synchronization, providing only the elementary data on these topics.

The first part examines the stability of equilibrium shapes in elastic systems. It addresses stability loss in cases of similar equilibrium shapes, the disappearance of stable equilibrium forms, and the absence of any equilibrium states. The error made by Euler in analysing stability loss is highlighted, and Mises’ truss is used as an example of stability loss in cases of similar equilibrium shapes.

The second part focuses on problems related to oscillations of linear systems, including systems with a fractional number of degrees of freedom, as well as the free oscillations of a cantilever in the field of centrifugal forces. Four methods for solving the problem of the action of periodic instantaneous impulses are presented. The Tacoma catastrophe is analysed as an example of aeroelastic oscillations.

Finally, the book explores problems of nonlinear system oscillations, including the vibration maintenance of rotation, the Sommerfeld effect, and self-oscillations of a quasi-system with dry friction.

You can get the book here and here

Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/mirtitles.bsky.social

Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/mir-titles

Fork us on gitlab https://gitlab.com/mirtitles

Foreword
Foreword to the First Edition …………………………………………….. v
Foreword to the Second Edition ……………………………………………. vi
Part 1: The Stability of Equilibrium Shapes of Elastic Systems
Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 1

Chapter I: The Loss of Stability Upon the Appearance of Similar Equilibrium Shapes

§1. Euler’s Error ……………………………………………………………………. 5
§2. The Effect of Subcritical Compression of a Bar on the Critical Value of the Compressive Force …. 11
§3. One Version of the Application of the Energy Method ………………………. 17
§4. Loads Whose Values Depend on the Displacements ………………………….. 22
Chapter II: Loss of Stability Upon the Appearance of Non-Similar Equilibrium Shapes

§5. The Mises’ Truss ………………………………………………………………… 43
§6. The Stability of a Fluted Strip ………………………………………………….. 51
§7. More Examples of Systems with Jumps; Discussion of the Results …………. 58
Chapter III: Stability Loss Upon the Disappearance of Stable Equilibrium Shapes

§8. Tracking Loads: Static Statement of the Problem …………………………. 70
§9. Tracking Loads: Dynamic Statement of the Problem …………………….. 80
§10. Tracking Loads: A System with Two Degrees of Freedom ………………… 87
§11. The History of the Problem …………………………………………………… 91
Chapter IV: Stability Losses When Any Forms of Equilibrium Disappear

§12. General Stability of High Buildings ………………………………………… 97
§13. Characteristics of “Deformation Calculations” …………………………….. 104
§14. Two Discussions (Solutions of R. Lorenz and V. E. Vlasov) ……………….. 113
§15. Stability Losses of a Rod Under Tension …………………………………. 125
§16. Critical Internal Pressure for a Spherical Shell ……………………………. 136
§17. Rotation of a Flexible Shaft in a Rigid Tube-Shell ………………………… 140
Chapter V: Buckling of Not Fully Elastic Rods

§18. Elastic-Plastic Buckling: Classical Concept ……………………………….. 153
§19. Elastic-Plastic Buckling: Present-Day Concept ……………………………. 160
§20. Buckling of a Rod in a Statically Indeterminate System …………………. 167
§21. Stability Loss in the Case of Material Creep ……………………………….. 175
Part 2: Oscillations of Elastic Systems
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 184

Chapter VI: Certain Problems of Oscillations of Linear Systems

§22. System with a Fractional Number of Degrees of Freedom ………………. 187

§23. Free Oscillations of a Cantilever in the Field of Centrifugal Forces ………. 192

§24. Equal-Frequency Shock Absorber ……………………………………………. 197

§25. Comments on the Formulas of Rayleigh and Grammel ……………………… 201

§26. Lagrange Errors ………………………………………………………………. 214

§27. Formula of A. N. Krylov ………………………………………………………. 224

§28. Four Methods of Solving the Problem of the Action of Periodic Instantaneous Impulses …….. 233

§29. Superpositions: Variations of Using It in Problems of Forced Oscillations … 244

§30. The “Inverse” Form of Differential Equations of Oscillations ……………. 252

§31. Terminology Information: Impedance, Receptance, Admittance, Response, Anti-Resonance …. 259

§32. Parametric Excitation of Oscillations ……………………………………… 269

§33. Destabilizing Action of the Forces of Viscous Friction …………………….. 285

§34. Linear Realisations of Dry Friction Forces …………………………………. 292

§35. Paradox Connected with Damping Coverings ……………………………… 302

§36. Damping of Pipeline Oscillations by Coriolis Forces ………………………. 309

Chapter VII: Dynamic Action of a Moving Load

§37. Brief Historical Sketch ……………………………………………………… 314
§38. Bresse Error ……………………………………………………………………… 322
§39. A Travelling Bending Wave …………………………………………………….. 327
§40. Action of an Infinite Strip of a Moving Load ………………………………. 332
Chapter VIII: Aeroelastic Oscillations

§41. Dynamic Problems of Aeroelasticity Theory ……………………………….. 338
§42. “Classical” Flutter ………………………………………………………………. 341
§43. Tacoma Catastrophe: Separation Flutter …………………………………… 351
Chapter IX: Problems of Nonlinear System Oscillations

§44. Vibration Maintenance of Rotation …………………………………………. 358
§45. Dynamics of the Boisse-Sarda Regulator …………………………………… 365
§46. Sommerfeld Effect ………………………………………………………………… 372
§47. Self-Oscillations: Method of Slowly Changing Amplitudes ……………….. 383
§48. Self-Oscillations of a Quasi-System with Dry Friction …………………… 393
§49. Discontinuous Self-Oscillations in the Case of Dry Friction ……………. 400
§50. Delta Method ……………………………………………………………………… 406

Posted in books | Tagged dynamics, elastic systems, errors, oscillating systems, oscillations, physics, soviet literature, stability | Leave a comment

भौतिक विज्ञान सहज बोध (Physics For Entertainment In Hindi ) by या. इ. पेरेलमान (Yakov Perelman)

Posted on August 29, 2026 by The Mitr

विश्वविख्यात भौतिक विज्ञानी या. इ. पेरेलमान की कृति महत्त्वपूर्ण पुस्तक ‘Physics for Entertainment’ का अनुवाद

बी.एस.के. काले

अनुवादक देवेन्द्र प्र. शर्मा

Many thanks to @life123 for scans

Note: There is slight warping on some pages but the print is very clear and readable

You can get the book here and here

Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/mirtitles.bsky.social

Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/mir-titles

Fork us on gitlab https://gitlab.com/mirtitles

Posted in books, children's books, children's science | Tagged mechanics, physics, physics problems, physics puzzles, popular science, soviet literature | Leave a comment

मनोरंजक खगोलशास्त्र (Astronomy For Entertainment In Marathi) by याकोव पेरलमन (Yakov Perelman)

Posted on August 28, 2026 by The Mitr

Yakov Perelman’s Astronomy for Entertainment introduces readers to the fascinating world of astronomy, focusing on its daily, foundational aspects rather than advanced discoveries. The book aims to make astronomy accessible, avoiding technical jargon and instead presenting ordinary facts in imaginative ways to spark curiosity. It is not a textbook but a creative exploration of basic astronomical phenomena, designed to engage even those unfamiliar with the subject. While some calculations are included, they are simple and within the grasp of anyone with basic school-level mathematics, helping readers to better understand and retain their learning.

The book covers topics such as the Earth, the Moon, planets, stars, and gravitation, highlighting lesser-known aspects often overlooked in similar works. Perelman had planned a second volume to expand on these ideas, but his untimely death during the Siege of Leningrad in 1942 prevented its completion. Minor updates were later made to this volume to keep it relevant. Despite its unfinished nature, the book remains a unique and engaging introduction to astronomy.

याकोव पेरलमन यांचे मनोरंजक खगोलशास्त्र पुस्तक खगोलशास्त्राच्या आकर्षक जगात वाचकांना घेऊन जाते आणि त्यात प्रगत शोधांऐवजी या विज्ञानाच्या मूलभूत, दैनंदिन बाजूवर लक्ष केंद्रित केले आहे. हे पुस्तक खगोलशास्त्र सर्वांपर्यंत पोहोचवण्याचा प्रयत्न करते, जिथे तांत्रिक शब्दसंग्रह टाळण्यात आला आहे आणि रोजच्या घटनांना वेगळ्या, कल्पनाशील दृष्टीकोनातून मांडले गेले आहे. हे पाठ्यपुस्तक नाही, परंतु खगोलशास्त्राशी संबंधित साध्या घटनांवर आधारित सर्जनशील चर्चा आहे. वाचकांना अधिक चांगल्या प्रकारे समजून घेण्यासाठी आणि शिकलेले लक्षात ठेवण्यासाठी, पुस्तकात शालेय पातळीच्या गणिताच्या सोप्या आकडेमोडींचा समावेश केला आहे.

पुस्तक पृथ्वी, चंद्र, ग्रह, तारे आणि गुरुत्वाकर्षण यासारख्या विषयांवर आधारित आहे, आणि सहसा दुर्लक्षित विषयांना अधोरेखित करते. पेरलमन यांनी यातील संकल्पना पुढे नेण्यासाठी दुसऱ्या खंडाचे नियोजन केले होते, परंतु १९४२ मध्ये लेनिनग्राडवरील युद्धादरम्यान त्यांच्या अकाली निधनामुळे ते अपूर्ण राहिले. नंतर या खंडात काही बदल केले गेले, जेणेकरून हे पुस्तक अद्ययावत राहील. जरी हे अपूर्ण असले तरी, खगोलशास्त्रातील प्राथमिक गोष्टी शिकवण्यासाठी ते अद्वितीय आणि आकर्षक साधन राहिले आहे.

Many thanks @life123 for the scans

मराठी अनुवाद प्र.पा. संझगिरी

Note: There is slight warping on some pages, but the print is very clear and readable.

You can get the book here and here

Bluesky https://bsky.app/profile/mirtitles.bsky.social