A Modern Handbook of Physics – B.M. Yavorsky, A.A. Detlaf (LaTeX Version)

Posted on October 4, 2026 by The Mitr

ScreenshotIn this post, we will see the LaTeX version of a great resource in physics:
A Modern Handbook of Physics by B. M. Yavorksy and A. A. Detlaf.

About the book (From the Preface)

The basic sciences and physics, in particular, are of prime importance today in the training of engineers for the various branches of the national economy. This has led to fundamental changes in recent years in the teaching of physics in engineering institutes, and to the students of other educational institutions in which they do not major in physics. The scope and scientific level of physics courses have been substantially supplemented and cover the main trends in the development of modern physics. Consequently, the physics textbooks for engineering students have inevitably become three-volume editions of almost fifteen hundred pages. The need has arisen, in this connection, for a concise handbook on this subject.

The aim of the authors was to fulfill this need. In scope and depth this handbook includes all of the definitions, formulas and information covered in the most comprehensive and up-to-date physics courses of engineering institutes
and the physics departments of universities and colleges. Physical laws are concisely formulated, all the necessary explanations are given and, in many cases, derivations as well. Though it plays a vital role in the teaching of physics, experimental material has been omitted. This is due only to a lack of space. All the units and symbols comply with the requirements of the SI Units of physical quantities and systems of units are listed and dealt with in a short appendix.

This handbook is designed primarily for engineering students, as well as college and university students studying, but not majoring in physics. It can be used to advantage by engineers and graduate students, as well as by instructors and lecturers of intermediate schools and colleges.

Mathematical knowledge required in using the handbook is within the scope of the ordinary mathematics courses of engineering institutes. The detailed index and the numerous cross references, indicating the chapter, section and subsection, are of aid in finding any required information.

The book was translated from the Russian by Nicholas Weinstein and was published by Mir in 1982.

Some snaps from the LaTeX edition…

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Note: It took me a while to typeset this one. I had started it a long back in 2020, and continued in breaks. This is a long book – almost 1000 pages with eight parts and 43 chapters! At times it felt as if the book will never be completed, it took me on and off more than six years to complete (the first commit is in 2020!, see the screenshot below). The book was essentially complete in June last year, with only few minor tweaks remaining (essentially the margin placements of captions and diagrams) and diagrams to be redone in vector graphics. I have done a few initial ones into SVG, but then I sort of left it. I have not added the appendices and index. May be some time in the future we will have a release that has all diagrams as vector images.

Commits from Sep 2020 to Sep 2026

But anyways, finally here it is. Hope this is useful to all the readers.

PS: Though I have checked (and rechecked), I am sure there will be errors in the typesetting. Do tell if you find any (I am sure you will.) – Damitr

You can get the book here and here.

This book is an Open Educational Resource OER

Released under CC BY NC 4.0

 

PPS: In the works is Handbook of Elementary Mathematics by Vygodsky (and two textbooks by Irodov), I had real pleasure in typesetting some of the pages there. Hopefully we will see this perhaps before the year end.

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Contents

Preface xvii

I. Mechanics 1

1. Kinematics 3

1.1. Mechanical Motion. The Subject Matter of Mechanics 3

1.2. Frames of Reference. Path, Path Length 5

1.3. Velocity 10

1.4. Acceleration 14

1.5. Translational and Rotary Motion of a Rigid Body 17

2. Newton’s Laws 25

2.1. Newton’s First Law. Inertial Frames of Reference 25

2.2. Force 27

2.3. Mass. Momentum 31

2.4. Newton’s Second Law 34

2.5. Newton’s Third Law. Motion of the Centre of Mass 37

2.6. Motion of a Body of Variable Mass 39

2.7. Law of Conservation of Momentum 42

2.8. Galilean Transformations 45

3. Work And Mechanical Energy 51

3.1. Energy, Work and Power 51

3.2. Kinetic Energy 58

3.3. Potential Energy 62

3.4. Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy 67

3.5. Perfectly Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 72

4. Dynamics of Rotary Motion 79

4.1. Moment of Force and Angular Momentum 79

4.2. Moment of Inertia 85

4.3. The Fundamental Law in the Dynamics of Rotary Motion 89

4.4. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum 95

5. Fundamentals of the Special Theory of Relativity101

5.1. Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 101

5.2. Simultaneity of Events. Synchronization of Clocks 104

5.3. Lorentz’s Transformations 108

5.4.  Relativity of Lengths and Time Intervals. 110

5.5. Transformation of Velocities and Accelerations 119

5.6. Basic Law of Relativistic Dynamics 124

5.7. Mass-Energy Relation 127

6. Gravitation 133

6.1. Law of Universal Gravitation 133

6.2. Gravitational Field 136

6.3. Kepler’s Laws. Space Velocities 144

7. Motion in non-inertial Frames of Reference 149

7.1. Kinematics of Relative Motion 149

7.2. Inertial Forces 151

7.3. Frame of Reference Fixed to the Earth 155

7.4. Principle of Equivalence 161

II. Fundamentals of Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics 165

8. Ideal Gases 167

8.1. Subject Matter of Molecular Physics. Thermal Motion 167

8.2. Statistical and Thermodynamic Methods 169

8.3. Thermodynamic Variables 172

8.4. Equation of State of an Ideal Gas 177

9. First law of Thermodynamics 181

9.1. Total and Internal Energy 181

9.2. Heat and Work 184

9.3. First Law of Thermodynamics 189

9.4. Graphical Representation 191

9.5. Heat Capacity of Matter 193

10. Kinetic Theory of Gases 203

10.1. Certain Information on Classical Statistical Physics 203

10.2. Basic Equation 205

10.3. Maxwell’s Distribution Law 208

10.4. Boltzmann Distribution 213

10.5. Mean Free Path of Molecules 216

10.6. Equipartition of Energy 217

10.7. Heat Capacity of Gases 221

10.8. Transport Phenomena in Gases 228

10.9. Properties of Rarified Gases 236

11. Second Law Of Thermodynamics 239

11.1. Cycles. The Carnot Cycle 239

11.2. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 244

11.3. Second Law of Thermodynamics 247

11.4. Entropy and Free Energy 251

11.5. Statistical Interpretation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 255

11.6. Fluctuations 257

11.7. Brownian Movement 260

11.8. Third Law of Thermodynamics 262

12. Real Gases And Vapours 265

12.1. Forces of Intermolecular Interaction 265

12.2. Van der Waals Equation of State 272

12.3. Isothermals of Real Gases. Phase Transitions 275

12.4. Superfluidity Of Helium 279

13. Liquids 283

13.1. Certain Properties of Liquids 283

13.2. Frenkel’s Hole Theory of the Liquid State 285

13.3. Diffusion and Viscosity Phenomena in Liquids 288

13.4. Surface Tension of Liquids 290

13.5. Wetting and Capillary Phenomena 293

13.6. Vaporization and Boiling of Liquids 298

III. Electrodynamics 303

14. Electric Charges. Coulomb’s Law 305

14.1. Introduction 305

14.2. Coulomb’s Law 307

15. Electric Field Strength And Displacement 311

15.1. Electric Field. Field Strength 311

15.2. Principle of Superposition of Electric Fields 314

15.3. Electric Displacement. Ostrogradsky-Gauss Electric Flux Theorem 318

16. Electric Field Potential 323

16.1. Work in Moving Electric Charge 323

16.2. Electrostatic Field Potential 325

16.3. Field Potential and Strength Relation 331

16.4. Conductors in an Electrostatic Field 333

17. Capacitance 337

17.1. Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor 337

17.2. Mutual Capacitance. Capacitors 339

18. Dielectrics In An Electric Field 345

18.1. Dipole Moments of Molecules of a Dielectric 345

18.2. Polarization of Dielectrics 349

18.3. Relation Between Displacement, Field Strength and Polarization Vectors 353

18.4. Ferroelectric Materials 357

19. Energy Of An Electric Field 361

19.1. Energy of a Charged Conductor and an Electric Field 361

19.2. Energy of a Polarized Dielectric 365

20. Direct Electric Current 367

20.1. Concept of an Electric Current 367

20.2. Current and Current Density 369

20.3. Electron Theory of Electrical Conduction371

21. Direct Electric Current 377

21.1. Extraneous Forces 377

21.2. Ohm’s Law and the Joule-Lenz Law 378

21.3. Kirchhoff’s Laws 384

22. Electric Current In Liquids And Gases 389

22.1. Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis. Electrolytic Dissociation 389

22.2. Atomicity of Electric Charges 392

22.3. Electrolytic Conduction of Liquids 393

22.4. Electrical Conduction in Gases 395

22.5. Various Types of Gas Discharges 397

22.6. Certain Information on Plasma 400

23. Magnetic Field Of Direct Current 407

23.1. Magnetic Field. Ampere’s Law 407

23.2. The Biot-Savart-Laplace Law 411

23.3. Simplest Cases of Magnetic Fields 415

23.4. Interaction of Conductors 421

23.5. Total Current Law. Magnetic Circuits 424

23.6. Work Done in a Magnetic Field 431

24. Motion of Charged Particles 435

24.1. Lorentz Force 435

24.2. Hall Effect 440

24.3. Charge-to-Mass Ratio of Particles. Mass Spectroscopy 443

24.4. Charged Particle Accelerators 445

25. Electromagnetic Induction 455

25.1. Basic Law of Electromagnetic Induction 455

25.2. Phenomenon of Self-Induction 460

25.3. Mutual Induction 464

25.4. Energy of a Magnetic Field 467

26. Magnetic Materials In A Magnetic Field 471

26.1. Magnetic Moments of Electrons and Atoms471

26.2. An Atom in a Magnetic Field 474

26.3. Magnetic Materials in a Magnetic Field 478

26.4. Magnetic Field in Magnetic Materials 483

26.5. Ferromagnetic Materials 486

27. Fundamentals of Maxwell’s Theory 491

27.1. General Features of Maxwell’s Theory 491

27.2. Maxwell’s First Equation 493

27.3. Displacement Current. Maxwell’s Second Equation 496

27.4. Complete Set of Maxwell’s Equations 501

IV. Oscillations and Waves 507

28. Free Harmonic Oscillations 509

28.1. Harmonic Oscillations 509

28.2. Mechanical Harmonic Vibrations 514

28.3. Free Harmonic Oscillations in an Oscillatory Electric Circuit 521

28.4. Adding Harmonic Oscillations 525

29. Damped And Forced Oscillations 539

29.1. Damped Oscillations 539

29.2. Forced Mechanical Vibration 545

29.3. Forced Electrical Oscillation 551

30. Elastic Waves 559

30.1. Waves in an Elastic Medium 559

30.2. Travelling Wave Equation 564

30.3. Phase Velocity and Energy of Elastic Waves 571

30.4. Superposition of Waves 578

30.5. Interference of Waves 582

30.6. Doppler Effect in Acoustics 591

31. Electromagnetic Waves 595

31.1. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 595

31.2. Energy of Electromagnetic Waves 601

31.3. Electromagnetic Radiation 606

31.4. Electromagnetic Spectrum 609

31.5. Reflection and Refraction 612

31.6. Doppler Effect 619

V. Optics 623

32. Interference of Light 625

32.1. Monochromaticity and Time Coherence of Light 625

32.2. Interference of Light. Spatial Coherence of Light 629

32.3. Interference of Light in Thin Films 638

32.4. Multiwave Interference 644

33. Diffraction of Light 651

33.1. Huygens-Fresnel Principle 651

33.2. Fresnel Diffraction 657

33.3. Fraunhofer Diffraction 659

33.4. Diffraction by a Space Lattice 669

33.5. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments 673

33.6. Holography 675

34. Absorption, Scattering And Dispersion Of Light 681

34.1. Interaction of Light With Matter 681

34.2. Absorption of Light 683

34.3. Scattering of Light 687

34.4. Normal and Anomalous Light Dispersion 690

34.5. Classical Electron Theory of Light Dispersion 693

34.6. Vavilov-Cherenkov Radiation 697

35. Polarization of Light 701

35.1. Polarization of Light in Reflection and Refraction at the Interface Between Two Dielectric Media 701

35.2. Birefringence (Double Refraction) 705

35.3. Interference of Polarized Light 713

35.4. Artificial Optical Anisotropy 719

35.5. Rotation of the Plane of Polarization 721

36. Thermal Radiation 725

36.1. Thermal Radiation. Kirchhoff’s Law 725

36.2. Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien Laws 731

36.3. Planck’s Formula 733

36.4. Optical Pyrometry 738

37. Fundamentals Of Quantum Optics 743

37.1. External Photoelectric Effect 743

37.2. Mass and Momentum of the Photon. Light Pressure 748

37.3. Compton Effect 751

37.4. Wave-Particle Duality of the Properties of Light 754

VI. Atomic and Molecular Physics 759

38. Elements Of Quantum Mechanics 761

38.1. Wave-Particle Dualism 761

38.2. Schrödinger Wave Equation 765

38.3. Motion of a Free Particle 769

38.4. A Particle in a One-Dimensional Infinitely Deep Potential Well 770

38.5. Linear Harmonic Oscillator 773

38.6. Heisenberg Indeterminacy Principle 779

38.7. Tunnel Effect 784

39. Structure Of Atoms And Molecules 789

39.1. The Hydrogen Atom and Hydrogen-Like Ions 789

39.2. Space Quantization 797

39.3. Pauli Exclusion Principle. Periodic Table 798

39.4. Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structure803

39.5. Optical Properties of Molecules. Molecular Spectra 807

39.6. Raman Scattering of Light 810

39.7. Luminescence. X rays 812

39.8. Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers 817

VII. Basic Solid-State Physics 825

40. Structure Of Solids 827

40.1. Structure of Solids 827

40.2. Thermal Expansion of Solids 830

40.3. Brief Information on the Elastic Properties of Solids 832

40.4. Basic Concepts of Phase Transitions in Solids 837

41. Quantum Physics Of Solids 843

41.1. Basic Concepts of Quantum Statistics 843

41.2. Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Distribution Functions 844

41.3. Degeneracy of Systems 848

41.4. Degenerate Electron Fermi Gas in Metals851

41.5. Quantum Theory of Electrical Conduction in Metals 856

41.6. Superconductivity 860

41.7. Heat Capacity of Solids 866

41.8. Band Theory of Solids 873

41.9. Metals and Dielectrics in the Band Theory877

41.10. Electrical Conduction of Semiconductors 880

41.11. Electrical Contact Phenomena 885

VIII.Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particles 893

42. Properties Of Atomic Nuclei 895

42.1. Main Properties and Structure of the Nucleus 895

42.2. Binding Energy of Nuclei. Mass Defect 899

42.3. Nuclear Forces 903

42.4. Radioactivity 907

42.5. Alpha Decay 913

42.6. Beta Decay 915

42.7. Gamma Rays 920

42.8. Mössbauer Effect 924

42.9. Nuclear Reactions 929

43. Elementary Particles 945

43.1. Preliminary Information on Elementary Particles 945

43.2. Classification of Elementary Particles and Their Interaction 998

43.3. Certain Information on Various Elementary Particles 1002

43.4. Conservation Laws of Elementary Particles1007

43.5. Antiparticles 1010

43.6. Structure of the Nucleon 1014

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Tool Steels by Yu. Geller

Posted on October 4, 2026 by The Mitr

This is a fundamental and comprehensive reference book on tool steels.

It discusses in great detail the composition and properties of numerous grades of tool steels manufactured in the USSR and other countries for making cutting tools, hot- and cold-forming dies, measuring instruments, surgical tools, etc.

The first Russian edition of the book was published in 1945. Since then, it has undergone four revised and renewed editions (1955, 1961, 1968, and 1975), each updated by the author to reflect advancements in the field. Recommended as a textbook for higher education students and a reference book for engineers, this work has established itself as an invaluable resource.

The present English edition has been specially prepared by the author to include the latest materials published in the USSR and other countries since the last Russian edition.

The late Prof. Yu. A. Geller, Dr. Sc. (Eng.), was a prominent specialist in the field of materials science. For over 20 years, he served as the Head of the Chair of Materials Science and Heat Treatment of Metals at the Moscow Institute of Machine Tools. His teaching and research career in the field spanned more than 40 years.

Prof. Geller’s published works include approximately 280 articles and eight monographs and textbooks. Among his notable works is The Science of Materials (co-authored with Prof. A. G. Rakhstadt), which was recently translated into English by Mir Publishers. Many of his articles were published internationally, including in the USA, Great Britain, France, and other countries.

Translated from the Russian by V. V. Afanasyev

You can get the book here and here

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CONTENTS

Preface to the English Edition

Part One
Structures and Properties of Tool Steels

Chapter 1. Characteristics, Classification and Compositions of Tool Steels

  1. General Characteristics of Tool Steels
  2. Classification by Properties
  3. Classification by Application
  4. Compositions of Tool Steels
  5. Effect of Steelmaking Conditions on Properties of Tool Steels

Chapter 2. Properties of Tool Steels
6. Durability Properties
A. Principal Properties of Tool Steels
7. Requirements for the Properties of Tool Steels
8. Hardness
9. Resistance to Plastic Deformation
10. Strength. Brittle Fracture Resistance
11. Fatigue Fracture Resistance
12. Toughness. Resistance to Dynamic Loads
13. Thermal Stability (Red Hardness)
14. Thermal Fatigue Resistance
15. Physical Properties (Heat Conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Coefficient of Friction, Adhesion)
16. Chemical Properties. Interaction with Worked Material
17. Wear Resistance
18. Hardenability
B. Technological Properties of Tool Steels
19. Workability
20. Overheating Resistance
21. Resistance to Decarbonization, Oxidation and Deterioration of Surface Layer
22. Hardening Capacity
23. Deformation of Tools
24. Cracking Resistance
25. Machinability and Grindability

Chapter 3. The Structure of Tool Steels. Methods of Analysis
26. As-Annealed Steel. Pearlite
27. α → γ Phase Transformation
28. Effect of Martensite on Steel Properties
29. Grain in Steels
30. Carbide Phases
31. Intermetallic Phases
32. Residual Austenite
33. Graphite in Tool Steels

Part Two
Composition and Heat Treatment of Tool Steels

Chapter 4. Non-Thermostable Steels of High Hardness
A. Composition and Properties
34. Typical Properties
35. Alloying
36. Steels of Low Hardenability
37. Steels of Elevated Hardenability
38. Steels of High Hardenability
B. Hot Mechanical Treatment and Heat Treatment
39. As-Received Steels
40. Heating Conditions for Hot Forming
41. Homogenizing, Annealing and High-Heat Tempering
42. Preliminary Hardening and Tempering
43. Hardening
44. Induction Hardening
45. Sub-Zero Treatment (Cryogenic Quenching)
46. Steel Tempering
47. Thermomechanical Treatment
48. Heat Treatment of Large and Shaped Tools
49. Defects of Heat Treatment and Their Prevention

Chapter 5. Non-Thermostable Steels of Elevated Toughness
50. Composition and Properties. Alloying
51. Steels of Low Hardenability
52. Steels of Elevated Hardenability
53. As-Received Steels
54. Thermal Conditions for Hot Forming
55. Annealing, High-Heat Tempering and Preliminary Hardening
56. Hardening
57. Thermomechanical Treatment
58. Tempering
59. Heat Treatment of Shanked Tools

Chapter 6. Semi-Thermostable Steels of High Hardness
60. Composition and Properties. Alloying
61. Steels of Increased and High Wear Resistance
62. Corrosion-Resistant Steels
63. Temperatures for Hot Forming
64. Heat Treatment of Semi-Thermostable Steels

Chapter 7. Semi-Thermostable Steels of Elevated Toughness
65. Composition and Properties. Alloying
66. Steels Retaining a High Strength at Temperatures up to 350–375 °C
67. Steels Retaining a High Strength at Temperatures up to 400–450 °C
68. Hot Mechanical Working
69. Heat Treatment

Chapter 8. Carbide-Strengthened Thermostable Steels of High Hardness
70. Composition and Properties. Alloying
A. Phase Composition, Structure and Transformations in Carbide-Strengthened Steels
71. Phase Composition
72. The Structure of Cast, Deformed and Annealed Steel
73. Transformations on Heating. Their Effect on Steel Structure and Properties
74. Transformations on Cooling. Their Effect on Steel Structure and Properties
75. The Structure and Properties of Tempered Steel
B. High-Speed Steels of Moderate Thermal Stability
76. Tungsten Steels
77. Tungsten-Molybdenum and Molybdenum Steels
C. High-Speed Steels of Elevated Thermal Stability
78. High-Carbon Steels
79. Nitrogen-Alloyed Steels
80. High-Vanadium Steels
81. Cobalt Steels
82. Steels of Reduced Thermal Stability
D. Steels in Cast Tools
83. Composition and Applications
E. Hot Mechanical Treatment and Heat Treatment
84. High-Speed Steels as Delivered
85. Hot and Low-Temperature Working
86. Homogenizing Treatment
87. Annealing
88. Preliminary Hardening and Tempering
89. Hardening
90. Induction Hardening
91. Tempering
92. Thermomechanical Treatment
93. Treatment of Welded and Tipped Tools
94. Faults in Heat Treatment and Their Prevention

Chapter 9. Intermetallic-Strengthened Thermostable Steels of High Hardness
95. Structure and Properties
96. Steels of High Thermal Stability
97. Steel of Elevated Thermal Stability
98. Corrosion-Resistant Steel of Reduced Thermal Stability
99. Hardening Conditions for Intermetallic-Strengthened Steels

Chapter 10. Thermostable Steels of Elevated Toughness. Die Steels
100. Composition and Properties. Alloying
A. Die Steels of Moderate Thermal Stability
101. Carbide-Strengthened Steels
102. Intermetallic-Strengthened (Maraging) Steels
B. Die Steels of Elevated Thermal Stability
103. Carbide-Strengthened Steels
104. Corrosion-Resistant Steels
C. Die Steels of High Thermal Stability
105. Properties and Applications
D. Hot Working and Heat Treatment, Cast Dies
106. As-Delivered Steels; Conditions for Hot Working and Heat Treatment
107. Defects of Heat Treatment and Their Prevention
E. Steels and Alloys for Operation at High Temperatures
108. Intermetallic-Strengthened Austenitic Steels and Alloys
109. Alloys of Refractory and Other Metals

Chapter 11. Surface Layer of Tools. Defects and Improvement
A. Methods for Improvement of Surface Layer
110. Low-Temperature Cyaniding
111. Nitriding and Nitrocementation
112. Sulphocyaniding and Sulphonitriding
113. Oxidation
114. Cementation and High-Temperature Cyaniding
115. Bonding
116. Chromizing
117. Electrolytic (Galvanic) Chrome-Plating
118. Precipitation of Titanium Carbides
119. Welding-On of Tools
B. Defects of Surface Layers
120. Decarbonized Layer
121. Bright Layer
122. Dark (Burnt) Layer

Part Three
Selection of Tool Steels and Their Heat Treatment

Chapter 12. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Cutting Tools
123. Steels for Metal-Cutting Tools
124. Steels for Machining Organic Materials

Chapter 13. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Cold-Forming Tools
125. Requirements for Steels for Cold-Forming Tools
126. Steels for Die-Forging and Knurling Die Tools
127. Steels for Cold Forming of Sheet and Wire
128. Steels for Pneumatic Tools and Chisels

Chapter 14. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Hot-Forming Tools
129. Requirements for Steels for Hot-Forming Tools
130. Steels for Hammer Dies and Heading Dies
131. Steels for Pressing, Piercing and Drawing Dies
132. Steels for Knurling Tools
133. Steels for Cutters and Saws for Hot Cutting

Chapter 15. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Moulds for Pressure Casting, Liquid-Metal Stamping and Pressing
134. Steels for Moulds for Pressure Casting and Liquid-Metal Stamping
135. Mould Steels for Casting Inorganic Materials
136. Mould Steels for Pressing Plastics

Chapter 16. Selection of Steel Composition and Heat Treatment for Precision Tools
137. Requirements to Be Met by Steels. Heat Treatment
138. Steels for Measuring Instruments
139. Steels for Cutting Tools

References

Name and Subject Index

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Ice Hockey by Oleg Spassky

Posted on October 3, 2026 by The Mitr

The book you are about to read is not a comprehensive textbook on ice hockey, nor is it a magic wand that will help you master the intricacies of the game in no time. Rather, regard it as an invitation to the sport of ice hockey. The author did not set out to describe everything about ice hockey. Instead, he thought it more important to help readers take their first steps in this wonderful sport, and to interest those who have not yet tried their hand on the ice rink.

Those who already play the game will, however, find much of interest in this book. For some, it may provide constructive advice from world champions; for others, it offers methods of training. Still others may find new insights into famous forwards or learn about Soviet Olympic, world, and European champions. This section is conducted by the Snowman, our archivist.

Remember the alphabet you studied at school? Don’t you think the debate over which letter was more important — A or Z — was rather strange? If A is the first letter of the alphabet and Z the last, it doesn’t necessarily mean that one is more important than the other. All letters are required to “build” words we need.

The ice hockey alphabet, too, has neither primary nor secondary “letters”. If we conditionally designate the goalkeeper’s technique with the letter H, the technique of a shot at the goal with C, while D denotes puck passing, you will agree that any contention that B is more important than D is absurd. There would simply be no ice hockey without one or the other, without the skillful play of the goalie, or without accurate puck passing to your teammates.

Young ice hockey fans, therefore, should not worry about the hierarchy of “letters” in the ice hockey alphabet — here, everything is important: the shot technique, the pattern of play of the winger, puck checking, the play of a defenseman in attack. All these ice hockey “letters”, when taken together and complementing each other, create ice hockey “reading and writing”, giving birth to an exciting game.

Translated from the Russian by Albert Zdornykh
Designed by Dmitry Orlov
Edited by Jim Mitchell

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Higher Algebra by A. Kurosh

Posted on October 2, 2026 by The Mitr

Higher algebra—the subject of this text—is a far-reaching and natural generalization of the basic school course of elementary algebra. Central to elementary algebra is without doubt the problem of solving equations. The study of equations begins with the very simple case of one equation of the first degree in one unknown. From there on, the development proceeds in two directions: to systems of two and three equations of the first degree in two and, respectively, three unknowns, and to a single quadratic equation in one unknown and also to a few special types of higher-degree equations which readily reduce to quadratic equations (quartic equations, for example).

The second half of the course of higher algebra, called the algebra of polynomials, is devoted to the study of a single equation in one unknown but of arbitrary degree. Since there is a formula for solving quadratic equations, it was natural to seek similar formulas for higher-degree equations. That is precisely how this division of algebra developed historically. Formulas for solving equations of third and fourth degree were found in the sixteenth century. The search was then on for formulas capable of expressing the roots of equations of fifth and higher degree in terms of the coefficients of the equations by means of radicals, even radicals within radicals. It was futile, though it continued up to the beginning of the nine­ teenth century, when it was proved that no such formulas exist and that for all degrees beyond the fourth there even exist specific examples of equations with integral coefficients whose roots cannot be written down by means of radicals.

Translated from the Russian by George Yankovsky

Note: This is a new, hi-res scan.

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CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter 1. Systems of Linear Equations. Determinants
1. The Method of Successive Elimination of Unknowns
2. Determinants of Second and Third Order
3. Arrangements and Permutations
4. Determinants of nth Order
5. Minors and Their Cofactors
6. Evaluating Determinants
7. Cramer’s Rule

Chapter 2. Systems of Linear Equations (General Theory)
8. n-Dimensional Vector Space
9. Linear Dependence of Vectors
10. Rank of a Matrix
11. Systems of Linear Equations
12. Systems of Homogeneous Linear Equations

Chapter 3. The Algebra of Matrices
13. Matrix Multiplication
14. Inverse Matrices
15. Matrix Addition and Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
16. An Axiomatic Construction of the Theory of Determinants

Chapter 4. Complex Numbers
17. The System of Complex Numbers
18. A Deeper Look at Complex Numbers
19. Taking Roots of Complex Numbers

Chapter 5. Polynomials and Their Roots
20. Operations on Polynomials
21. Divisors. Greatest Common Divisor
22. Roots of Polynomials
23. Fundamental Theorem
24. Corollaries to the Fundamental Theorem
25. Rational Fractions

Chapter 6. Quadratic Forms
26. Reducing a Quadratic Form to Canonical Form
27. Law of Inertia
28. Positive Definite Forms

Chapter 7. Linear Spaces
29. Definition of a Linear Space. An Isomorphism
30. Finite-Dimensional Spaces. Bases
31. Linear Transformations
32. Linear Subspaces
33. Characteristic Roots and Eigenvalues

Chapter 8. Euclidean Spaces
34. Definition of a Euclidean Space. Orthonormal Bases
35. Orthogonal Matrices, Orthogonal Transformations
36. Symmetric Transformations
37. Reducing a Quadratic Form to Principal Axes. Pairs of Forms

Chapter 9. Evaluating Roots of Polynomials
38. Equations of Second, Third and Fourth Degree
39. Bounds of Roots
40. Sturm’s Theorem
41. Other Theorems on the Number of Real Roots
42. Approximation of Roots

Chapter 10. Fields and Polynomials
43. Number Rings and Fields
44. Rings
45. Fields
46. Isomorphisms of Rings (Fields). The Uniqueness of the Field of Complex Numbers
47. Linear Algebra and the Algebra of Polynomials Over an Arbitrary Field
48. Factorization of Polynomials into Irreducible Factors
49. Theorem on the Existence of a Root
50. The Field of Rational Fractions

Chapter 11. Polynomials in Several Unknowns
51. The Ring of Polynomials in Several Unknowns
52. Symmetric Polynomials
53. Symmetric Polynomials Continued
54. Resultant. Elimination of Unknowns. Discriminant
55. Alternative Proof of the Fundamental Theorem of the Algebra of Complex Numbers

Chapter 12. Polynomials with Rational Coefficients
56. Reducibility of Polynomials over the Field of Rationals
57. Rational Roots of Integral Polynomials
58. Algebraic Numbers

Chapter 13. Normal Form of a Matrix
59. Equivalence of λ-Matrices
60. Unimodular λ-Matrices. Relationship Between Similarity of Numerical Matrices and the Equivalence of Their Characteristic Matrices
61. Jordan Normal Form
62. Minimal Polynomials

Chapter 14. Groups
63. Definition of a Group
64. Subgroups
65. Normal Divisors, Factor Groups, Homomorphisms
66. Direct Sums of Abelian Groups
67. Finite Abelian Groups

Bibliography

Index

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Diseases Of The Eye by M. Zolotaryova

Posted on October 1, 2026 by The Mitr

This textbook provides a systematic introduction to ophthalmology, beginning with the anatomy of the eye and the physiology of vision, followed by methods of examining visual functions and the patient. It covers ocular refraction and accommodation, the selection of spectacles, the organisation and equipment of ophthalmological facilities, preoperative and postoperative care, and general and local methods of treating eye diseases. The early chapters establish the anatomical, physiological and clinical foundations needed for understanding disorders of the eye and their diagnosis and treatment.

The greater part of the book is devoted to diseases and injuries of the eye. It discusses disorders of the eyelids and lacrimal apparatus, conjunctiva, trachoma, cornea and sclera, uveal tract, lens and vitreous body, as well as glaucoma and diseases of the retina and optic nerve. It concludes with diseases of the eye muscles and orbit and with mechanical, thermal and chemical eye injuries, including their prevention. Overall, the book presents ophthalmology as an integrated field linking ocular anatomy and visual function with clinical examination, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

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CONTENTS

Introduction

  1. OUTLINE OF THE ANATOMY OF THE ORGAN OF VISION
    Protective Structures
    The Eyeball
    Muscles of the Eye
  2. THE VISUAL FUNCTIONS AND METHODS OF EXAMINATION
    Central Vision and Visual Acuity
    Colour Vision
    Peripheral Vision and Field of Vision
    Photoreception
    Binocular Vision
  3. REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION
    Ocular Refraction
    Optic Lenses
    Accommodation
    Picture of Refraction Anomalies
    Selection of Spectacles
  4. LAYOUT AND EQUIPMENT OF THE OPHTHALMOLOGIST’S OFFICE OF AN OUT-PATIENT CENTRE AND THE EYE DEPARTMENT OF A HOSPITAL
    The Ophthalmologist’s Office
    Layout and Equipment of the Eye Hospital
    Preoperative Treatment
    Surgery and Postoperative Care
  5. EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT
    History Taking
    Examination of the Eyelids, Conjunctiva, Cornea, and Iris
    Ophthalmoscopy
    Determination of the Intra-Ocular Tension
  6. METHODS OF TREATING EYE DISEASES
    General Therapy
    Physiotherapy, X-ray and Radiotherapy
    Local Therapy
    Astringent and Caustic Drugs
    Antiseptic Drugs
    Resolvents and Irritants
    Anaesthetics
    Mydriatics and Miotics
    Corticosteroids
    Dressings
  7. DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS AND LACRIMAL APPARATUS
    Diseases of the Eyelids
    Diseases of the Skin of the Eyelids
    Diseases of the Margins of the Eyelids
    Changes in the Position and Movements of the Eyelids
    Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
    The Lacrimal Passages and Their Diseases
    Inflammation of the Lacrimal Sac
  8. DISEASES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
    Conjunctivitis of Exogenous Origin
    Acute Conjunctivitis
    Inflammation of the Conjunctiva Due to Mechanical, Chemical and Physical Factors
    Conjunctivitis of Endogenous Origin
    Degenerative Changes of the Conjunctiva
  9. TRACHOMA
    The Clinical Picture and Diagnosis of Trachoma
    Differential Diagnosis Between Trachoma, Folliculosis and Follicular Conjunctivitis
    The Aetiology and Prevalence of Trachoma
    Organisation of Trachoma Control
    Treatment of Trachoma
  10. DISEASES OF THE CORNEA AND SCLERA
    Diseases of the Cornea
    Superficial Keratitis
    Scrofulous Keratitis
    Neurogenous or Neurotrophic Keratitis
    Herpetic Keratitis
    Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis of Adenoviral Aetiology
    Creeping Ulcer of the Cornea
    Deep or Interstitial Keratitis
    Deep Tuberculous Keratitis
    Keratitis of Malarial and Brucellar Aetiology
    Diseases of the Sclera
  11. DISEASES OF THE UVEAL TRACT
    Iritis
    Iridocyclitis
    Choroiditis
    Endophthalmitis
    New Growths of the Uveal Tract
  12. DISEASES OF THE CRYSTALLINE LENS AND THE VITREOUS BODY
    Diseases of the Crystalline Lens
    Cataract
    Diseases of the Vitreous Body
  13. GLAUCOMA
    The Clinical Picture and Classification of Glaucoma
    Acute Attack of Glaucoma
    Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Glaucoma
  14. DISEASES OF THE RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE
    Diseases of the Retina
    Circulatory Disorders in the Retina
    Pathological Changes of the Retina and Retinal Vessels in Certain Systemic Diseases
    Pigmentary Degeneration of the Retina
    Detachment of the Retina
    New Growths of the Retina
    Diseases of the Optic Nerve
  15. DISEASES OF THE EYE MUSCLES AND ORBIT
    Diseases of the Eye Muscles
    Concomitant Strabismus
    Paralytic Strabismus
    Nystagmus
    Diseases of the Orbit
    Orbital Periostitis
    Orbital Phlegmon
    Orbital Tumours
  16. EYE INJURIES
    Mechanical Injuries
    Thermal and Chemical Burns
    Prevention of Eye Injuries

Prescriptions

Index

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Machine Elements – A Textbook by V. Dobrovolsky; K. Zablonsky; S. Mak; A. Radchik; L. Erlikh

Posted on September 30, 2026 by The Mitr

This book presents a comprehensive treatment of the principles used in the design and calculation of machine elements. It begins with the fundamental criteria governing the operating capacity of machine components, including strength, rigidity, resistance to vibration, and heating, before examining material selection, standardisation, and production soundness. The second part focuses on joints between machine elements, covering riveted, welded, interference-fit, threaded, cottered, keyed, splined, serrated, and keyless joints, with particular attention to their strength and design under different loading conditions.

The latter part deals with mechanical power transmission and the design of its principal components. It examines friction drives, belt and chain drives, gears and reduction gears, power screws, shafts and axles, and both sliding and rolling contact bearings. The book also addresses couplings and clutches, together with issues such as lubrication, efficiency, wear, fatigue, heating, vibration, and operating capacity. Overall, it provides a systematic engineering framework for selecting, analysing, and designing machine elements and power-transmission systems.

Translated from the Russian by A. Troitsky

Note: Some early pages 8-9 are missing

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CONTENTS

Introduction

PART ONE. FUNDAMENTALS OF DESIGNING MACHINE ELEMENTS

Chapter I. Criteria of Operating Capacity and Calculation of Machine Elements

  1. Strength of Machine Elements
  2. Volume Strength
  3. Surface Strength
  4. Rigidity of Machine Elements
  5. Resistance to Vibration of Machine Elements
  6. Heating of Machine Elements

Chapter II. Selection of Material

  1. Comparative Evaluation of Various Materials by Weight
  2. The Principle of “Local Quality” and Its Utilisation in the Selection of Materials
  3. Reduction in the Range of the Materials Employed

Chapter III. Standardisation of Machine Elements

Chapter IV. Production Soundness of Machine Elements

PART TWO. JOINTS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Chapter V. Types of Joints and Their Principal Features

  1. Types of Joints
  2. Strength of Joints
  3. Tightness of Joints
  4. Stiffness of Joints

Chapter VI. Riveted Joints

  1. The Functioning of Rivets in a Seam
  2. Strength of Riveted Joint Elements
  3. Calculation of Riveted Seams
  4. Strong Seams
  5. Tight-Strong Seams

Chapter VII. Welded Joints

  1. Calculation of Welds
  2. Welded Joints Designed for Static Load
  3. Strength of Welds at Varying Load

Chapter VIII. Joints Formed by Interference Fits

Chapter IX. Threaded Joints

  1. Types and Causes of Thread Failure
  2. Strength under Static Load
  3. Joints Designed without Initial Stress
  4. Joints Designed with Initial Stress
  5. Strength at Varying Loads (Endurance of Bolted Joints)
  6. Calculation of Strength
  7. Temperature Stresses in Threaded Joints
  8. Load Distribution Between Threaded Parts in a Group Joint (Determination of Design Load in a Group Joint)

Chapter X. Cottered Fastenings

  1. Cottered Joints
  2. Pin Joints

Chapter XI. Key, Splined and Serrated, and Keyless (Shaped and Other) Joints

  1. Keys
  2. Calculation of Unstrained Joints
  3. Calculation of Strained Joints
  4. Multiple Splines
  5. Keyless Joints

PART THREE. POWER TRANSMISSION

Chapter XII. Power Transmission Systems and Their Principal Features

  1. Types of Drives
  2. Drives with a Constant Velocity Ratio
  3. Velocity Ratio
  4. Peripheral Velocity
  5. Transmitted Horsepower
  6. Loss of Horsepower and Efficiency
  7. Weight, Size and Cost of Drives
  8. Drives with a Variable Velocity Ratio

Chapter XIII. Friction Drives

  1. Fundamentals of the Theory and Operation of Friction Drives
  2. Slip and Creep in Friction Drives
  3. Pressure
  4. Parts of Friction Drives
  5. Calculation of Friction Drives
  6. Design for Strength
  7. Shaft Loads
  8. Losses and Efficiency of Drives
  9. Design for Heating

Chapter XIV. Belting

  1. Fundamentals of the Theory and Operation of Belt Drives
  2. Tension in a Flexible Cord Embracing a Cylinder
  3. Elastic Creep
  4. Velocity Ratio
  5. Pull Factor
  6. Tension Due to Centrifugal Forces
  7. Stresses in Belts
  8. Losses in Transmission
  9. Components of Belt Drives
  10. Belts
  11. Pulleys
  12. Belt Tension Adjusters
  13. V-Belt Variable-Speed Drives
  14. Calculation of Belt Drives
  15. Geometry of Belt Drives
  16. Calculating Belt Pull
  17. Calculating Belt Service Life
  18. Loads Carried by Shafts
  19. Transmitted Horsepower and Efficiency of Belt Drives

Chapter XV. Gearing

  1. Basic Rack
  2. Accuracy of Gears
  3. Components of Toothed Gears
  4. Materials
  5. Design of Pinions and Wheels
  6. Types of Failure in Gear Teeth
  7. Design of Straight-Tooth Spur Gears
  8. Main Geometrical Proportions
  9. Forces Acting in a Gear
  10. Design Load
  11. Calculation of Teeth for Surface Strength
  12. Calculation of Teeth for Beam Strength
  13. Lubrication and Efficiency
  14. Design of Helical and Herringbone Spur Gears
  15. Main Geometrical Proportions
  16. Forces Acting in a Gear
  17. Design Load
  18. Calculation of Teeth for Surface Strength
  19. Calculation of Teeth for Beam Strength
  20. Design of Bevel Gears
  21. Main Geometrical Proportions
  22. Forces Acting in a Gear
  23. Calculation of Teeth for Surface Strength
  24. Calculation of Teeth for Beam Strength

Chapter XVI. Screw, Hypoid, Worm and Globoidal Gears

  1. Screw Gears
  2. Hypoid Gears
  3. Worm Gears
  4. Materials
  5. Design of Worms and Wheels
  6. Accuracy of Gears
  7. Failures of Worm Wheel Teeth
  8. Main Geometrical Proportions
  9. Forces Acting in a Gear
  10. Design Load
  11. Design for Surface Strength
  12. Design of Teeth for Bending
  13. Lubrication and Efficiency
  14. Globoidal Gears
  15. Materials
  16. Design of Worms and Wheels
  17. Main Geometrical Proportions
  18. Calculation of the Gear for Wear
  19. Lubrication and Efficiency

Chapter XVII. Toothed and Worm Reduction Gears

  1. Main Types of Reduction Gears
  2. Designs of Reduction Gears
  3. Lubrication and Calculation for Heating

Chapter XVIII. Chain Drives

  1. Velocity Ratio
  2. Chain Tension
  3. Components of Chain Drives
  4. Chains
  5. Sprockets
  6. Chain Housings and Slack Adjusters
  7. Design of Drives
  8. Kinds of Failure in Chain Drives
  9. Determining Chain and Sprocket Proportions
  10. Lubrication and Efficiency

Chapter XIX. Power Screws

  1. Materials and Design of Screws and Nuts
  2. Calculation of Power Screws

PART FOUR. SHAFTS AND AXLES, BEARINGS AND COUPLINGS AND CLUTCHES

Chapter XX. Shafts and Axles

  1. Straight Shafts and Axles
  2. Design
  3. Kinds and Causes of Failure in Shafts and Axles and Defects in Operation
  4. Materials for Shafts and Axles
  5. Calculation for Strength
  6. Calculation for Stiffness
  7. Methods of Increasing the Endurance of Shafts and Axles
  8. Transverse Vibrations of Shafts. Critical Shaft Velocity
  9. Flexible Wire Shafts

Chapter XXI. Sliding Contact Bearings

  1. Materials for Sliding Radial and Thrust Bearings
  2. Metals
  3. Nonmetallic Materials
  4. Lubricants
  5. Radial Bearings
  6. Design
  7. Calculation of Sliding Bearings
  8. Thrust Bearings
  9. Design
  10. Calculation of Thrust Bearings
  11. Lubricating Devices for Bearings
  12. Methods of Increasing the Operating Capacity of Sliding Bearings

Chapter XXII. Rolling Contact Bearings

  1. Fundamentals of the Theory of Antifriction Bearings
  2. Load Distribution between Balls or Rollers
  3. Stresses at Points of Contact of Bearing Components
  4. Operating Capacity of Antifriction Bearings
  5. Calculation of Antifriction Bearings
  6. Calculation of Statically Loaded Bearings
  7. Calculation of Dynamically Loaded Bearings
  8. Mounting, Lubrication and Sealing of Antifriction Bearings
  9. Methods of Increasing the Operating Capacity of Antifriction Bearings

Chapter XXIII. Couplings and Clutches

  1. Couplings
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Motor Vehicles Fundamentals And Design by M.D. Artamonov; V.A. Ilarionov; M.M. Morin

Posted on September 29, 2026 by The Mitr

This book provides a systematic treatment of the theory of automobile engines and motor vehicles, beginning with the fundamental thermodynamic and combustion processes that govern internal-combustion engines. It examines theoretical and actual engine cycles, fuel combustion, engine efficiency, performance characteristics, fuel economy, and methods for increasing power and improving efficiency. The discussion also considers emerging engine technologies, including gas-turbine installations, supercharging, fuel injection, rotor-piston engines, multi-fuel engines, and electric motors.

The second part focuses on the theory and performance of motor vehicles. It covers the forces acting on vehicles, traction and braking dynamics, fuel economy, stability, steerability, cross-country ability, smoothness of run, and transmission systems. Particular attention is given to the relationships between vehicle design, operating conditions, road characteristics, and performance, making the book useful for understanding both the engineering principles underlying motor vehicles and their practical behaviour under different operating conditions.

Translated from the Russian by A. Troitsky

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CONTENTS

Introduction

PART ONE. THEORY OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINES

Chapter I. Theoretical Cycles of Internal-Combustion Engines
1.1. Constant-Volume Cycle
1.2. Compound Cycle

Chapter II. Combustion of Fuel
2.1. Reaction of Burning
2.2. Combustible Mixture and Products of Combustion
2.3. Heat of Combustion (Heating Value) of Fuel and Mixture
2.4. Heat Capacity of Charge and Combustion Products

Chapter III. Actual Cycles of Internal-Combustion Engines
3.1. Process of Admission
3.2. Process of Compression
3.3. Process of Combustion
3.4. Process of Expansion
3.5. Process of Exhaust

Chapter IV. Basic Parameters and Engine Efficiency
4.1. Mean Indicated Pressure, Indicated Power and Fuel Economy
4.2. Effective (Brake) Power and Engine Fuel Economy
4.3. Heat Balance of an Engine
4.4. Increasing the Power and Improving the Fuel Economy of the Engine

Chapter V. Characteristics of Engines
5.1. Speed Characteristics
5.2. Load Characteristics
5.3. Adjustment Characteristics
5.4. Detonation Characteristics

Chapter VI. Future Developments of Motor Vehicle Engines
6.1. Automobile Gas-Turbine Installations
6.2. Supercharging of Engines
6.3. Injection of Light Fuel
6.4. Fuel Spray Ignition
6.5. Rotor-Piston Engines
6.6. Multi-Fuel Engines
6.7. Electric Motors

PART TWO. THEORY OF MOTOR VEHICLES

Chapter VII. Forces Acting on a Motor Vehicle
7.1. Tractive Force on the Driving Wheels
7.2. Traction Characteristic of a Motor Vehicle
7.3. Road Resistance
7.4. Air Resistance
7.5. Equation of Motion of a Motor Vehicle
7.6. Tractive Force According to Conditions of Tyre-Road Grip
7.7. Normal Reactions of the Road

Chapter VIII. Traction Dynamics of a Motor Vehicle
8.1. Force Balance
8.2. Power Balance

Chapter IX. Dynamic Certificate of a Motor Vehicle
9.1. Dynamic Factor
9.2. Dynamic Certificate
9.3. Acceleration
9.4. Gradient Climbing
9.5. Coasting
9.6. Overtaking

Chapter X. Fuel Economy of a Motor Vehicle
10.1. Fuel Economy Characteristics
10.2. Fuel Consumption Equation
10.3. Effect of Operating Factors on Fuel Economy
10.4. Fuel Consumption Rate

Chapter XI. Braking Dynamics of a Motor Vehicle
11.1. General on Braking Dynamics
11.2. Experimental Estimation of the Braking Properties of a Motor Vehicle
11.3. Braking Force on Wheels
11.4. Equation of Motion of a Motor Vehicle during Braking
11.5. Characteristics of a Motor Vehicle Braking Dynamics
11.6. Braking Force Distribution Between the Wheels
11.7. Braking Methods
11.8. New Features in the Design of Brake Systems
11.9. Technical Examination of Traffic Accidents

Chapter XII. Trailer Trains
12.1. Dynamic Characteristics of a Trailer Train
12.2. Fuel Economy of a Trailer Train

Chapter XIII. Stability of a Motor Vehicle
13.1. Lateral Stability Characteristics
13.2. Body Lateral Rolling
13.3. Effect of Operating Factors on Lateral Stability
13.4. Longitudinal Stability

Chapter XIV. Steerability of a Motor Vehicle
14.1. Steerability Characteristics
14.2. Rolling of the Steerable Wheels Without Slipping
14.3. Wheel Lateral Slip and Ability of a Motor Vehicle to Turn
14.4. Relation Between Angles of Turn of Steerable Wheels
14.5. Oscillations of the Steerable Wheels
14.6. Stabilization of the Steerable Wheels

Chapter XV. Cross-Country Ability of a Motor Vehicle
15.1. General on Cross-Country Ability
15.2. Trafficability Test
15.3. Geometrical Characteristics of Trafficability
15.4. Supporting and Tractive Characteristics of Trafficability
15.5. Effect of a Motor Vehicle Design on Its Cross-Country Ability
15.6. Self-Recovery Devices
15.7. Special Types of Cross-Country Vehicles

Chapter XVI. Smoothness of Run of a Motor Vehicle
16.1. General
16.2. Testing for Smooth Running
16.3. Characteristics of the Smoothness of Run
16.4. Oscillations of a Motor Vehicle
16.5. Effect of Design Factors on Smooth Running

Chapter XVII. Types of Transmission

Chapter XVIII. Future Developments of Motor Vehicle Designs

Index

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सरल भौतिकी – इलेक्ट्रॉन – अ० किताईगारोदस्की Electrons ( Physics For Everyone Volume 3 In Hindi by A. Kitaigorodsky)

Posted on September 28, 2026 by The Mitr

सन् १६७६ में “मीर” प्रकाशन-गृह ने हिन्दी भाषा में ल० लन्दाऊ और अ० किताईगारोदस्की द्वारा लिखित पुस्तक “सरल भौतिकी” को प्रकाशित किया था। इस पुस्तक में ‘गति’ तथा ‘ऊष्मा’ अध्याय संकलित थे।

इस पुस्तक में उन परिघटनाओं का उल्लेख किया गया है जिनमें मुख्य स्थान पदार्थ संरचना का अगला चरण यानी परमाणुओं तथा अणुओं की वैद्युत संरचना का है। वैद्युत कणों की गति और पारस्परिक क्रियाओं के नियम तथा, सर्वप्रथम, इलेक्ट्रॉनों विद्युत के क्वान्टमों – – के नियम वैद्युत तकनीकी तथा रेडियो तकनीकी का आधार बनाते हैं, जिनके बिना आधुनिक संस्कृति की कल्पना असम्भव है।

इस पुस्तक के मुख्य विषय हैं: विद्युत धारा, चुम्बकीयता और वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र ।

 

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विषय-सूची भूमिका अध्याय १. विद्युत.. ११ विद्युत धारा ११ स्थिर विद्युत १८ विद्युत-क्षेत्र २० आधार किसे माना जाये ? २७ विद्युत के सिद्धांत का विकास किस प्रकार हुआ?…. ३१ अध्याय २. पदार्थ की वंद्युत संरचना.. ३४ विद्युत का लघुत्तम भाग ३४ आयनी धारा. ३६ इलेक्ट्रॉन किरण-पुंज ३८ मिलीकेन का प्रयोग ४० परमाणु-मॉडल ४५ ऊर्जा का क्वान्टमीकरण ४७ मेन्देलियेव का आवर्त्त-नियम ५० अणुओं की वैद्युत संरचना ५२ परावैद्युत ५६ गैसों की चालकता 33 स्वाधीन विसर्जन ७१ पदार्थ की प्लैज्मा अवस्था ७६ धातु ८० धातु में से इलेक्ट्रॉनों का निष्कासन ८५ अध्याय ३. विद्युत-चुम्बकीयता ٤٤ चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का परिमाप. एकसमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के प्रभाव १०६ असमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के प्रभाव १११ ऐम्पेयरी धारा ११३ परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉनी अन ११८ कणों के चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण १२० वैद्युत चुम्बकीय प्रेरण १२७ प्रेरण धारा की दिशा १३० विद्युत चुम्बकीय प्रेरण के नियम की खोज का इतिहास १३२ भंवर प्रेरित धाराएं. १३५ प्रेरित कर्षण (Induced drag) १३७ लोह की चुम्बकीय प्रवृति १३८ डोमेन (Domain) १४२ प्रतिचुम्बकीय तथा अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थ १४४ पृथ्वी का चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र . १४७ तारों के चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र १५१ अध्याय ४. विद्युत-प्रौद्योगिकी का संक्षिप्त विवरण ज्यावक्रीय वैद्युत-गतिक बल (Sinusoidal emf) १५३ ट्रान्सफ़ार्मर (Transformer) १६२ विद्युत धारा बनाने वाली मशीनें १६४ वैद्युत इंजन १७० अध्याय ५. वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र १७७ नियम १७७ वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के दो पहलू १६० प्रकाश-विद्युत प्रभाव १६४ हट्स के प्रयोग १६७ वैद्युत चुम्बकीय विकिरण का वर्गीकरण २०५ अध्याय ६. रेडियो २०६ इतिहास के पृष्ठ २०६ लैम्प ट्रायोड तथा ट्रान्जिस्टर २१७ रेडियो-प्रसारण २२१ रेडियो-अभिग्रहण २२५ रेडियो तरंगों का विस्तारण . २२७ रेडियो स्थान निर्धारण (Radio location) २३० दूरदर्शन २३३ माइक्रोइलेक्ट्रॉनी आरेख २३७

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Colloid Chemistry by S. Voyutsky

Posted on September 27, 2026 by The Mitr

This book is a translation of the second edition of the Russian textbook on colloid chemistry for institutes of chemical engineering (the first Russian edition was published in 1964). It explains the general concepts and laws of colloid chemistry and describes the properties of colloidal systems, the methods of investigating them, and the use of colloid chemistry for solving practical problems. The textbook has a chapter on high-molecular-weight substances and their solutions. The introduction, the chapters on adsorption, and the chapter on the stability and coagulation of colloidal systems have been extensively revised. The book may serve as a textbook for students and postgraduate students of chemical faculties of universities; it will also be of interest to researchers who wish to become acquainted with the modern state of colloid chemistry.

 

Prof. Sergei Voyutsky, D.Sc. (Chem.), heads the Colloid Chemistry Department of the Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. He specialises in adhesion and in the physico-chemical properties of lattices. He has published over 350 articles in Soviet and foreign journals. Prof. Voyutsky is the author of textbooks on colloid chemistry and polymer solutions, and also of monographs, some of which were translated and published in the United States, Japan, Poland, and other countries. He is a member of the editorial board of the journals Kauchuk i Rezin (Caoutchouc and Rubber) and Kolloidnyi Zhurnal (Colloid Journal).

Translated from the Russian by Nicholas Bobrov.

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CONTENTS

Preface

Author’s Preface

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS AND THE SUBJECT MATTER OF COLLOID CHEMISTRY

  1. Concept of Colloidal Systems and the Definition of Colloid Chemistry as a Science
  2. Measure of Dispersion
  3. Heterogeneity of Colloidal Systems as Their Basic Distinction from Molecular Solutions
  4. Disjoining Pressure
  5. Effect of the Degree of Dispersion on the Properties of Disperse Systems
  6. Classification of Colloidal and Microheterogeneous Systems
  7. Importance of Colloidal Systems and Colloidal Processes in Nature and Engineering

Chapter 2. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

  1. Light Scattering
  2. Light Absorption
  3. Colour of Colloidal Systems
  4. Optical Methods of Investigating Colloidal Systems

Chapter 3. MOLECULAR-KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

  1. Thermal Motion of Molecules and Brownian Motion
  2. Diffusion in True Solutions and in Colloidal Systems
  3. Osmotic Pressure
  4. Sedimentation Stability
  5. Sedimentation and Methods of Sedimentation Analysis

Chapter 4. SCIENCE OF ADSORPTION. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE

  1. Concept of Adsorption
  2. Nature of Adsorption Forces
  3. Langmuir’s Monomolecular Adsorption Theory
  4. Polanyi’s Polymolecular Adsorption Theory and the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) Theory
  5. Capillary Condensation
  6. Chemical Adsorption
  7. Heat of Adsorption
  8. Adsorption Rate
  9. Effect of the Properties of the Adsorbent and the Adsorptive on Adsorption. Dynamic Adsorption. Adsorption from Mixtures of Gases

Chapter 5. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLUTION-GAS INTERFACE

  1. Surface Tension
  2. Concept of Surfactants
  3. Gibbs’ Equation
  4. Shishkovsky’s Equation. Transition from Gibbs’ Equation to Langmuir’s Equation
  5. Effect of the Structure and Dimensions of a Surfactant Molecule on Adsorption at the Solution-Gas Interface. Traube’s Rule
  6. Structure of the Adsorption Layer at the Solution-Gas Interface
  7. Langmuir’s Balance. Determination of the Dimensions of Surfactant Molecules

Chapter 6. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID-SOLUTION INTERFACE

  1. Molecular Adsorption from Solutions
  2. Ionic Adsorption
  3. Exchange Adsorption
  4. Wetting Phenomena
  5. Adhesion

Chapter 7. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

  1. Concept of Electrokinetic Phenomena
  2. Structure of the Electric Double Layer
  3. Effect of Different Factors on the Electrokinetic Potential
  4. Electrophoresis and Electroosmosis
  5. Determination of the Electrokinetic Potential
  6. Practical Importance of Electrokinetic Phenomena
  7. Other Electrical Properties of Colloidal Systems

Chapter 8. OBTAINING AND PURIFYING COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS. STRUCTURE OF COLLOIDAL MICELLES

  1. Methods of Obtaining Colloidal Systems
  2. Structure of Colloidal Micelles
  3. Examples of Obtaining Colloidal Systems
  4. Purifying Colloidal Systems

Chapter 9. STABILITY AND COAGULATION OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

  1. Kinetics of Coagulation
  2. Stability of Thin Liquid Layers and the Energy of Interaction Between the Surfaces of Two Bodies
  3. Change in the Energy of Interaction Between Micelles as They Approach One Another
  4. Solvation of Particles. Structural-Mechanical and Entropy Factors of Stability
  5. Rules of Coagulation by Electrolytes
  6. Theories of Coagulation by Electrolytes
  7. Effect of the Dimensions and Concentration of Particles on Their Interaction in Dispersed Systems
  8. Importance of Adsorption Phenomena to Coagulation
  9. Particular Phenomena Observed in Coagulation by Electrolytes
  10. Coagulation of Sols Having a Non-Aqueous Medium by Electrolytes
  11. Heterocoagulation and Heteroadagulation of Colloidal Systems
  12. Coagulation Under the Action of Physical Factors

Chapter 10. STRUCTURAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISPERSED SYSTEMS

  1. Origination and Characteristics of Structures in Colloidal Systems
  2. Viscosity of True and Colloidal Solutions
  3. Structural Viscosity
  4. Mechanical Properties of Colloidal Systems Exhibiting True Elasticity
  5. Dependence of the Viscosity of Colloidal Systems on the Concentration of the Dispersed Phase

Chapter 11. SYSTEMS HAVING A GASEOUS DISPERSION MEDIUM

  1. General Characteristics of Aerosols
  2. Powders and Their Properties
  3. Methods of Obtaining Aerosols
  4. Methods of Destroying Aerosols
  5. Practical Importance of Aerosols

Chapter 12. SYSTEMS HAVING LIQUID AND SOLID DISPERSED PHASES

  1. Suspensions
  2. Emulsions
  3. Lattices
  4. Foams
  5. Systems Having a Solid Dispersion Medium

Chapter 13. COLLOIDAL SURFACTANTS

  1. Principal Concepts and Classification of Colloidal Surfactants
  2. State of Surfactants in a Solution
  3. Stabilizing Action of Surfactants
  4. Solubilization in Surfactant Solutions
  5. Practical Importance of Colloidal Surfactant Solutions
  6. Tannins and Dyes

Chapter 14. NATURE AND SOME PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES

  1. General Information on Macromolecular Substances
  2. Polydispersity and Molecular Weight of Macromolecular Substances
  3. Structure of Macromolecules and Structure of Macromolecular Substances
  4. Theories of Solutions of Macromolecular Substances
  5. Thermodynamics of Dissolution of Macromolecular Substances
  6. Swelling of Macromolecular Substances
  7. Some Properties of Solutions of Macromolecular Substances
  8. Polyelectrolytes
  9. Gels

Recommended Literature
Index

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The Posthumous Papers Of The Pickwick Club by Charles Dickens

Posted on September 26, 2026 by The Mitr

The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens is a comic masterpiece following the whimsical adventures of Samuel Pickwick, founder of the Pickwick Club, and his fellow members as they travel across England. Through a series of humorous misadventures, misunderstandings, and encounters with eccentric characters, the novel satirises social pretensions, the legal system, and human folly. The central narrative explores themes of friendship, generosity, and personal growth, particularly through the loyal and resourceful servant Sam Weller. Blending wit with Dickens’s keen observations of Victorian society, the book offers a light-hearted yet insightful commentary on human nature.

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