Mir Books

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CONTENTS

Introduction

OUTLINE OF THE ANATOMY OF THE ORGAN OF VISION
Protective Structures
The Eyeball
Muscles of the Eye
THE VISUAL FUNCTIONS AND METHODS OF EXAMINATION
Central Vision and Visual Acuity
Colour Vision
Peripheral Vision and Field of Vision
Photoreception
Binocular Vision
REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION
Ocular Refraction
Optic Lenses
Accommodation
Picture of Refraction Anomalies
Selection of Spectacles
LAYOUT AND EQUIPMENT OF THE OPHTHALMOLOGIST’S OFFICE OF AN OUT-PATIENT CENTRE AND THE EYE DEPARTMENT OF A HOSPITAL
The Ophthalmologist’s Office
Layout and Equipment of the Eye Hospital
Preoperative Treatment
Surgery and Postoperative Care
EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT
History Taking
Examination of the Eyelids, Conjunctiva, Cornea, and Iris
Ophthalmoscopy
Determination of the Intra-Ocular Tension
METHODS OF TREATING EYE DISEASES
General Therapy
Physiotherapy, X-ray and Radiotherapy
Local Therapy
Astringent and Caustic Drugs
Antiseptic Drugs
Resolvents and Irritants
Anaesthetics
Mydriatics and Miotics
Corticosteroids
Dressings
DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS AND LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Diseases of the Eyelids
Diseases of the Skin of the Eyelids
Diseases of the Margins of the Eyelids
Changes in the Position and Movements of the Eyelids
Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
The Lacrimal Passages and Their Diseases
Inflammation of the Lacrimal Sac
DISEASES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
Conjunctivitis of Exogenous Origin
Acute Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the Conjunctiva Due to Mechanical, Chemical and Physical Factors
Conjunctivitis of Endogenous Origin
Degenerative Changes of the Conjunctiva
TRACHOMA
The Clinical Picture and Diagnosis of Trachoma
Differential Diagnosis Between Trachoma, Folliculosis and Follicular Conjunctivitis
The Aetiology and Prevalence of Trachoma
Organisation of Trachoma Control
Treatment of Trachoma
DISEASES OF THE CORNEA AND SCLERA
Diseases of the Cornea
Superficial Keratitis
Scrofulous Keratitis
Neurogenous or Neurotrophic Keratitis
Herpetic Keratitis
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis of Adenoviral Aetiology
Creeping Ulcer of the Cornea
Deep or Interstitial Keratitis
Deep Tuberculous Keratitis
Keratitis of Malarial and Brucellar Aetiology
Diseases of the Sclera
DISEASES OF THE UVEAL TRACT
Iritis
Iridocyclitis
Choroiditis
Endophthalmitis
New Growths of the Uveal Tract
DISEASES OF THE CRYSTALLINE LENS AND THE VITREOUS BODY
Diseases of the Crystalline Lens
Cataract
Diseases of the Vitreous Body
GLAUCOMA
The Clinical Picture and Classification of Glaucoma
Acute Attack of Glaucoma
Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Glaucoma
DISEASES OF THE RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE
Diseases of the Retina
Circulatory Disorders in the Retina
Pathological Changes of the Retina and Retinal Vessels in Certain Systemic Diseases
Pigmentary Degeneration of the Retina
Detachment of the Retina
New Growths of the Retina
Diseases of the Optic Nerve
DISEASES OF THE EYE MUSCLES AND ORBIT
Diseases of the Eye Muscles
Concomitant Strabismus
Paralytic Strabismus
Nystagmus
Diseases of the Orbit
Orbital Periostitis
Orbital Phlegmon
Orbital Tumours
EYE INJURIES
Mechanical Injuries
Thermal and Chemical Burns
Prevention of Eye Injuries

Prescriptions

Index

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Machine Elements – A Textbook by V. Dobrovolsky; K. Zablonsky; S. Mak; A. Radchik; L. Erlikh

Posted on September 30, 2026 by The Mitr

This book presents a comprehensive treatment of the principles used in the design and calculation of machine elements. It begins with the fundamental criteria governing the operating capacity of machine components, including strength, rigidity, resistance to vibration, and heating, before examining material selection, standardisation, and production soundness. The second part focuses on joints between machine elements, covering riveted, welded, interference-fit, threaded, cottered, keyed, splined, serrated, and keyless joints, with particular attention to their strength and design under different loading conditions.

The latter part deals with mechanical power transmission and the design of its principal components. It examines friction drives, belt and chain drives, gears and reduction gears, power screws, shafts and axles, and both sliding and rolling contact bearings. The book also addresses couplings and clutches, together with issues such as lubrication, efficiency, wear, fatigue, heating, vibration, and operating capacity. Overall, it provides a systematic engineering framework for selecting, analysing, and designing machine elements and power-transmission systems.

Translated from the Russian by A. Troitsky

Note: Some early pages 8-9 are missing

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CONTENTS

Introduction

PART ONE. FUNDAMENTALS OF DESIGNING MACHINE ELEMENTS

Chapter I. Criteria of Operating Capacity and Calculation of Machine Elements

Strength of Machine Elements
Volume Strength
Surface Strength
Rigidity of Machine Elements
Resistance to Vibration of Machine Elements
Heating of Machine Elements

Chapter II. Selection of Material

Comparative Evaluation of Various Materials by Weight
The Principle of “Local Quality” and Its Utilisation in the Selection of Materials
Reduction in the Range of the Materials Employed

Chapter III. Standardisation of Machine Elements

Chapter IV. Production Soundness of Machine Elements

PART TWO. JOINTS OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Chapter V. Types of Joints and Their Principal Features

Types of Joints
Strength of Joints
Tightness of Joints
Stiffness of Joints

Chapter VI. Riveted Joints

The Functioning of Rivets in a Seam
Strength of Riveted Joint Elements
Calculation of Riveted Seams
Strong Seams
Tight-Strong Seams

Chapter VII. Welded Joints

Calculation of Welds
Welded Joints Designed for Static Load
Strength of Welds at Varying Load

Chapter VIII. Joints Formed by Interference Fits

Chapter IX. Threaded Joints

Types and Causes of Thread Failure
Strength under Static Load
Joints Designed without Initial Stress
Joints Designed with Initial Stress
Strength at Varying Loads (Endurance of Bolted Joints)
Calculation of Strength
Temperature Stresses in Threaded Joints
Load Distribution Between Threaded Parts in a Group Joint (Determination of Design Load in a Group Joint)

Chapter X. Cottered Fastenings

Cottered Joints
Pin Joints

Chapter XI. Key, Splined and Serrated, and Keyless (Shaped and Other) Joints

Keys
Calculation of Unstrained Joints
Calculation of Strained Joints
Multiple Splines
Keyless Joints

PART THREE. POWER TRANSMISSION

Chapter XII. Power Transmission Systems and Their Principal Features

Types of Drives
Drives with a Constant Velocity Ratio
Velocity Ratio
Peripheral Velocity
Transmitted Horsepower
Loss of Horsepower and Efficiency
Weight, Size and Cost of Drives
Drives with a Variable Velocity Ratio

Chapter XIII. Friction Drives

Fundamentals of the Theory and Operation of Friction Drives
Slip and Creep in Friction Drives
Pressure
Parts of Friction Drives
Calculation of Friction Drives
Design for Strength
Shaft Loads
Losses and Efficiency of Drives
Design for Heating

Chapter XIV. Belting

Fundamentals of the Theory and Operation of Belt Drives
Tension in a Flexible Cord Embracing a Cylinder
Elastic Creep
Velocity Ratio
Pull Factor
Tension Due to Centrifugal Forces
Stresses in Belts
Losses in Transmission
Components of Belt Drives
Belts
Pulleys
Belt Tension Adjusters
V-Belt Variable-Speed Drives
Calculation of Belt Drives
Geometry of Belt Drives
Calculating Belt Pull
Calculating Belt Service Life
Loads Carried by Shafts
Transmitted Horsepower and Efficiency of Belt Drives

Chapter XV. Gearing

Basic Rack
Accuracy of Gears
Components of Toothed Gears
Materials
Design of Pinions and Wheels
Types of Failure in Gear Teeth
Design of Straight-Tooth Spur Gears
Main Geometrical Proportions
Forces Acting in a Gear
Design Load
Calculation of Teeth for Surface Strength
Calculation of Teeth for Beam Strength
Lubrication and Efficiency
Design of Helical and Herringbone Spur Gears
Main Geometrical Proportions
Forces Acting in a Gear
Design Load
Calculation of Teeth for Surface Strength
Calculation of Teeth for Beam Strength
Design of Bevel Gears
Main Geometrical Proportions
Forces Acting in a Gear
Calculation of Teeth for Surface Strength
Calculation of Teeth for Beam Strength

Chapter XVI. Screw, Hypoid, Worm and Globoidal Gears

Screw Gears
Hypoid Gears
Worm Gears
Materials
Design of Worms and Wheels
Accuracy of Gears
Failures of Worm Wheel Teeth
Main Geometrical Proportions
Forces Acting in a Gear
Design Load
Design for Surface Strength
Design of Teeth for Bending
Lubrication and Efficiency
Globoidal Gears
Materials
Design of Worms and Wheels
Main Geometrical Proportions
Calculation of the Gear for Wear
Lubrication and Efficiency

Chapter XVII. Toothed and Worm Reduction Gears

Main Types of Reduction Gears
Designs of Reduction Gears
Lubrication and Calculation for Heating

Chapter XVIII. Chain Drives

Velocity Ratio
Chain Tension
Components of Chain Drives
Chains
Sprockets
Chain Housings and Slack Adjusters
Design of Drives
Kinds of Failure in Chain Drives
Determining Chain and Sprocket Proportions
Lubrication and Efficiency

Chapter XIX. Power Screws

Materials and Design of Screws and Nuts
Calculation of Power Screws

PART FOUR. SHAFTS AND AXLES, BEARINGS AND COUPLINGS AND CLUTCHES

Chapter XX. Shafts and Axles

Straight Shafts and Axles
Design
Kinds and Causes of Failure in Shafts and Axles and Defects in Operation
Materials for Shafts and Axles
Calculation for Strength
Calculation for Stiffness
Methods of Increasing the Endurance of Shafts and Axles
Transverse Vibrations of Shafts. Critical Shaft Velocity
Flexible Wire Shafts

Chapter XXI. Sliding Contact Bearings

Materials for Sliding Radial and Thrust Bearings
Metals
Nonmetallic Materials
Lubricants
Radial Bearings
Design
Calculation of Sliding Bearings
Thrust Bearings
Design
Calculation of Thrust Bearings
Lubricating Devices for Bearings
Methods of Increasing the Operating Capacity of Sliding Bearings

Chapter XXII. Rolling Contact Bearings

Fundamentals of the Theory of Antifriction Bearings
Load Distribution between Balls or Rollers
Stresses at Points of Contact of Bearing Components
Operating Capacity of Antifriction Bearings
Calculation of Antifriction Bearings
Calculation of Statically Loaded Bearings
Calculation of Dynamically Loaded Bearings
Mounting, Lubrication and Sealing of Antifriction Bearings
Methods of Increasing the Operating Capacity of Antifriction Bearings

Chapter XXIII. Couplings and Clutches

Couplings

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Motor Vehicles Fundamentals And Design by M.D. Artamonov; V.A. Ilarionov; M.M. Morin

Posted on September 29, 2026 by The Mitr

This book provides a systematic treatment of the theory of automobile engines and motor vehicles, beginning with the fundamental thermodynamic and combustion processes that govern internal-combustion engines. It examines theoretical and actual engine cycles, fuel combustion, engine efficiency, performance characteristics, fuel economy, and methods for increasing power and improving efficiency. The discussion also considers emerging engine technologies, including gas-turbine installations, supercharging, fuel injection, rotor-piston engines, multi-fuel engines, and electric motors.

The second part focuses on the theory and performance of motor vehicles. It covers the forces acting on vehicles, traction and braking dynamics, fuel economy, stability, steerability, cross-country ability, smoothness of run, and transmission systems. Particular attention is given to the relationships between vehicle design, operating conditions, road characteristics, and performance, making the book useful for understanding both the engineering principles underlying motor vehicles and their practical behaviour under different operating conditions.

Translated from the Russian by A. Troitsky

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CONTENTS

Introduction

PART ONE. THEORY OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINES

Chapter I. Theoretical Cycles of Internal-Combustion Engines
1.1. Constant-Volume Cycle
1.2. Compound Cycle

Chapter II. Combustion of Fuel
2.1. Reaction of Burning
2.2. Combustible Mixture and Products of Combustion
2.3. Heat of Combustion (Heating Value) of Fuel and Mixture
2.4. Heat Capacity of Charge and Combustion Products

Chapter III. Actual Cycles of Internal-Combustion Engines
3.1. Process of Admission
3.2. Process of Compression
3.3. Process of Combustion
3.4. Process of Expansion
3.5. Process of Exhaust

Chapter IV. Basic Parameters and Engine Efficiency
4.1. Mean Indicated Pressure, Indicated Power and Fuel Economy
4.2. Effective (Brake) Power and Engine Fuel Economy
4.3. Heat Balance of an Engine
4.4. Increasing the Power and Improving the Fuel Economy of the Engine

Chapter V. Characteristics of Engines
5.1. Speed Characteristics
5.2. Load Characteristics
5.3. Adjustment Characteristics
5.4. Detonation Characteristics

Chapter VI. Future Developments of Motor Vehicle Engines
6.1. Automobile Gas-Turbine Installations
6.2. Supercharging of Engines
6.3. Injection of Light Fuel
6.4. Fuel Spray Ignition
6.5. Rotor-Piston Engines
6.6. Multi-Fuel Engines
6.7. Electric Motors

PART TWO. THEORY OF MOTOR VEHICLES

Chapter VII. Forces Acting on a Motor Vehicle
7.1. Tractive Force on the Driving Wheels
7.2. Traction Characteristic of a Motor Vehicle
7.3. Road Resistance
7.4. Air Resistance
7.5. Equation of Motion of a Motor Vehicle
7.6. Tractive Force According to Conditions of Tyre-Road Grip
7.7. Normal Reactions of the Road

Chapter VIII. Traction Dynamics of a Motor Vehicle
8.1. Force Balance
8.2. Power Balance

Chapter IX. Dynamic Certificate of a Motor Vehicle
9.1. Dynamic Factor
9.2. Dynamic Certificate
9.3. Acceleration
9.4. Gradient Climbing
9.5. Coasting
9.6. Overtaking

Chapter X. Fuel Economy of a Motor Vehicle
10.1. Fuel Economy Characteristics
10.2. Fuel Consumption Equation
10.3. Effect of Operating Factors on Fuel Economy
10.4. Fuel Consumption Rate

Chapter XI. Braking Dynamics of a Motor Vehicle
11.1. General on Braking Dynamics
11.2. Experimental Estimation of the Braking Properties of a Motor Vehicle
11.3. Braking Force on Wheels
11.4. Equation of Motion of a Motor Vehicle during Braking
11.5. Characteristics of a Motor Vehicle Braking Dynamics
11.6. Braking Force Distribution Between the Wheels
11.7. Braking Methods
11.8. New Features in the Design of Brake Systems
11.9. Technical Examination of Traffic Accidents

Chapter XII. Trailer Trains
12.1. Dynamic Characteristics of a Trailer Train
12.2. Fuel Economy of a Trailer Train

Chapter XIII. Stability of a Motor Vehicle
13.1. Lateral Stability Characteristics
13.2. Body Lateral Rolling
13.3. Effect of Operating Factors on Lateral Stability
13.4. Longitudinal Stability

Chapter XIV. Steerability of a Motor Vehicle
14.1. Steerability Characteristics
14.2. Rolling of the Steerable Wheels Without Slipping
14.3. Wheel Lateral Slip and Ability of a Motor Vehicle to Turn
14.4. Relation Between Angles of Turn of Steerable Wheels
14.5. Oscillations of the Steerable Wheels
14.6. Stabilization of the Steerable Wheels

Chapter XV. Cross-Country Ability of a Motor Vehicle
15.1. General on Cross-Country Ability
15.2. Trafficability Test
15.3. Geometrical Characteristics of Trafficability
15.4. Supporting and Tractive Characteristics of Trafficability
15.5. Effect of a Motor Vehicle Design on Its Cross-Country Ability
15.6. Self-Recovery Devices
15.7. Special Types of Cross-Country Vehicles

Chapter XVI. Smoothness of Run of a Motor Vehicle
16.1. General
16.2. Testing for Smooth Running
16.3. Characteristics of the Smoothness of Run
16.4. Oscillations of a Motor Vehicle
16.5. Effect of Design Factors on Smooth Running

Chapter XVII. Types of Transmission

Chapter XVIII. Future Developments of Motor Vehicle Designs

Index

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सरल भौतिकी – इलेक्ट्रॉन – अ० किताईगारोदस्की Electrons ( Physics For Everyone Volume 3 In Hindi by A. Kitaigorodsky)

Posted on September 28, 2026 by The Mitr

सन् १६७६ में “मीर” प्रकाशन-गृह ने हिन्दी भाषा में ल० लन्दाऊ और अ० किताईगारोदस्की द्वारा लिखित पुस्तक “सरल भौतिकी” को प्रकाशित किया था। इस पुस्तक में ‘गति’ तथा ‘ऊष्मा’ अध्याय संकलित थे।

इस पुस्तक में उन परिघटनाओं का उल्लेख किया गया है जिनमें मुख्य स्थान पदार्थ संरचना का अगला चरण यानी परमाणुओं तथा अणुओं की वैद्युत संरचना का है। वैद्युत कणों की गति और पारस्परिक क्रियाओं के नियम तथा, सर्वप्रथम, इलेक्ट्रॉनों विद्युत के क्वान्टमों – – के नियम वैद्युत तकनीकी तथा रेडियो तकनीकी का आधार बनाते हैं, जिनके बिना आधुनिक संस्कृति की कल्पना असम्भव है।

इस पुस्तक के मुख्य विषय हैं: विद्युत धारा, चुम्बकीयता और वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र ।

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विषय-सूची भूमिका अध्याय १. विद्युत.. ११ विद्युत धारा ११ स्थिर विद्युत १८ विद्युत-क्षेत्र २० आधार किसे माना जाये ? २७ विद्युत के सिद्धांत का विकास किस प्रकार हुआ?…. ३१ अध्याय २. पदार्थ की वंद्युत संरचना.. ३४ विद्युत का लघुत्तम भाग ३४ आयनी धारा. ३६ इलेक्ट्रॉन किरण-पुंज ३८ मिलीकेन का प्रयोग ४० परमाणु-मॉडल ४५ ऊर्जा का क्वान्टमीकरण ४७ मेन्देलियेव का आवर्त्त-नियम ५० अणुओं की वैद्युत संरचना ५२ परावैद्युत ५६ गैसों की चालकता 33 स्वाधीन विसर्जन ७१ पदार्थ की प्लैज्मा अवस्था ७६ धातु ८० धातु में से इलेक्ट्रॉनों का निष्कासन ८५ अध्याय ३. विद्युत-चुम्बकीयता ٤٤ चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र का परिमाप. एकसमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के प्रभाव १०६ असमान चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के प्रभाव १११ ऐम्पेयरी धारा ११३ परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉनी अन ११८ कणों के चुम्बकीय आघूर्ण १२० वैद्युत चुम्बकीय प्रेरण १२७ प्रेरण धारा की दिशा १३० विद्युत चुम्बकीय प्रेरण के नियम की खोज का इतिहास १३२ भंवर प्रेरित धाराएं. १३५ प्रेरित कर्षण (Induced drag) १३७ लोह की चुम्बकीय प्रवृति १३८ डोमेन (Domain) १४२ प्रतिचुम्बकीय तथा अनुचुम्बकीय पदार्थ १४४ पृथ्वी का चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र . १४७ तारों के चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र १५१ अध्याय ४. विद्युत-प्रौद्योगिकी का संक्षिप्त विवरण ज्यावक्रीय वैद्युत-गतिक बल (Sinusoidal emf) १५३ ट्रान्सफ़ार्मर (Transformer) १६२ विद्युत धारा बनाने वाली मशीनें १६४ वैद्युत इंजन १७० अध्याय ५. वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र १७७ नियम १७७ वैद्युत चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र के दो पहलू १६० प्रकाश-विद्युत प्रभाव १६४ हट्स के प्रयोग १६७ वैद्युत चुम्बकीय विकिरण का वर्गीकरण २०५ अध्याय ६. रेडियो २०६ इतिहास के पृष्ठ २०६ लैम्प ट्रायोड तथा ट्रान्जिस्टर २१७ रेडियो-प्रसारण २२१ रेडियो-अभिग्रहण २२५ रेडियो तरंगों का विस्तारण . २२७ रेडियो स्थान निर्धारण (Radio location) २३० दूरदर्शन २३३ माइक्रोइलेक्ट्रॉनी आरेख २३७

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Colloid Chemistry by S. Voyutsky

Posted on September 27, 2026 by The Mitr

This book is a translation of the second edition of the Russian textbook on colloid chemistry for institutes of chemical engineering (the first Russian edition was published in 1964). It explains the general concepts and laws of colloid chemistry and describes the properties of colloidal systems, the methods of investigating them, and the use of colloid chemistry for solving practical problems. The textbook has a chapter on high-molecular-weight substances and their solutions. The introduction, the chapters on adsorption, and the chapter on the stability and coagulation of colloidal systems have been extensively revised. The book may serve as a textbook for students and postgraduate students of chemical faculties of universities; it will also be of interest to researchers who wish to become acquainted with the modern state of colloid chemistry.

Prof. Sergei Voyutsky, D.Sc. (Chem.), heads the Colloid Chemistry Department of the Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. He specialises in adhesion and in the physico-chemical properties of lattices. He has published over 350 articles in Soviet and foreign journals. Prof. Voyutsky is the author of textbooks on colloid chemistry and polymer solutions, and also of monographs, some of which were translated and published in the United States, Japan, Poland, and other countries. He is a member of the editorial board of the journals Kauchuk i Rezin (Caoutchouc and Rubber) and Kolloidnyi Zhurnal (Colloid Journal).

Translated from the Russian by Nicholas Bobrov.

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CONTENTS

Preface

Author’s Preface

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS AND THE SUBJECT MATTER OF COLLOID CHEMISTRY

Concept of Colloidal Systems and the Definition of Colloid Chemistry as a Science
Measure of Dispersion
Heterogeneity of Colloidal Systems as Their Basic Distinction from Molecular Solutions
Disjoining Pressure
Effect of the Degree of Dispersion on the Properties of Disperse Systems
Classification of Colloidal and Microheterogeneous Systems
Importance of Colloidal Systems and Colloidal Processes in Nature and Engineering

Chapter 2. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

Light Scattering
Light Absorption
Colour of Colloidal Systems
Optical Methods of Investigating Colloidal Systems

Chapter 3. MOLECULAR-KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

Thermal Motion of Molecules and Brownian Motion
Diffusion in True Solutions and in Colloidal Systems
Osmotic Pressure
Sedimentation Stability
Sedimentation and Methods of Sedimentation Analysis

Chapter 4. SCIENCE OF ADSORPTION. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE

Concept of Adsorption
Nature of Adsorption Forces
Langmuir’s Monomolecular Adsorption Theory
Polanyi’s Polymolecular Adsorption Theory and the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) Theory
Capillary Condensation
Chemical Adsorption
Heat of Adsorption
Adsorption Rate
Effect of the Properties of the Adsorbent and the Adsorptive on Adsorption. Dynamic Adsorption. Adsorption from Mixtures of Gases

Chapter 5. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLUTION-GAS INTERFACE

Surface Tension
Concept of Surfactants
Gibbs’ Equation
Shishkovsky’s Equation. Transition from Gibbs’ Equation to Langmuir’s Equation
Effect of the Structure and Dimensions of a Surfactant Molecule on Adsorption at the Solution-Gas Interface. Traube’s Rule
Structure of the Adsorption Layer at the Solution-Gas Interface
Langmuir’s Balance. Determination of the Dimensions of Surfactant Molecules

Chapter 6. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID-SOLUTION INTERFACE

Molecular Adsorption from Solutions
Ionic Adsorption
Exchange Adsorption
Wetting Phenomena
Adhesion

Chapter 7. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

Concept of Electrokinetic Phenomena
Structure of the Electric Double Layer
Effect of Different Factors on the Electrokinetic Potential
Electrophoresis and Electroosmosis
Determination of the Electrokinetic Potential
Practical Importance of Electrokinetic Phenomena
Other Electrical Properties of Colloidal Systems

Chapter 8. OBTAINING AND PURIFYING COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS. STRUCTURE OF COLLOIDAL MICELLES

Methods of Obtaining Colloidal Systems
Structure of Colloidal Micelles
Examples of Obtaining Colloidal Systems
Purifying Colloidal Systems

Chapter 9. STABILITY AND COAGULATION OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

Kinetics of Coagulation
Stability of Thin Liquid Layers and the Energy of Interaction Between the Surfaces of Two Bodies
Change in the Energy of Interaction Between Micelles as They Approach One Another
Solvation of Particles. Structural-Mechanical and Entropy Factors of Stability
Rules of Coagulation by Electrolytes
Theories of Coagulation by Electrolytes
Effect of the Dimensions and Concentration of Particles on Their Interaction in Dispersed Systems
Importance of Adsorption Phenomena to Coagulation
Particular Phenomena Observed in Coagulation by Electrolytes
Coagulation of Sols Having a Non-Aqueous Medium by Electrolytes
Heterocoagulation and Heteroadagulation of Colloidal Systems
Coagulation Under the Action of Physical Factors

Chapter 10. STRUCTURAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISPERSED SYSTEMS

Origination and Characteristics of Structures in Colloidal Systems
Viscosity of True and Colloidal Solutions
Structural Viscosity
Mechanical Properties of Colloidal Systems Exhibiting True Elasticity
Dependence of the Viscosity of Colloidal Systems on the Concentration of the Dispersed Phase

Chapter 11. SYSTEMS HAVING A GASEOUS DISPERSION MEDIUM

General Characteristics of Aerosols
Powders and Their Properties
Methods of Obtaining Aerosols
Methods of Destroying Aerosols
Practical Importance of Aerosols

Chapter 12. SYSTEMS HAVING LIQUID AND SOLID DISPERSED PHASES

Suspensions
Emulsions
Lattices
Foams
Systems Having a Solid Dispersion Medium

Chapter 13. COLLOIDAL SURFACTANTS

Principal Concepts and Classification of Colloidal Surfactants
State of Surfactants in a Solution
Stabilizing Action of Surfactants
Solubilization in Surfactant Solutions
Practical Importance of Colloidal Surfactant Solutions
Tannins and Dyes

Chapter 14. NATURE AND SOME PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES

General Information on Macromolecular Substances
Polydispersity and Molecular Weight of Macromolecular Substances
Structure of Macromolecules and Structure of Macromolecular Substances
Theories of Solutions of Macromolecular Substances
Thermodynamics of Dissolution of Macromolecular Substances
Swelling of Macromolecular Substances
Some Properties of Solutions of Macromolecular Substances
Polyelectrolytes
Gels

Recommended Literature
Index

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The Posthumous Papers Of The Pickwick Club by Charles Dickens

Posted on September 26, 2026 by The Mitr

The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens is a comic masterpiece following the whimsical adventures of Samuel Pickwick, founder of the Pickwick Club, and his fellow members as they travel across England. Through a series of humorous misadventures, misunderstandings, and encounters with eccentric characters, the novel satirises social pretensions, the legal system, and human folly. The central narrative explores themes of friendship, generosity, and personal growth, particularly through the loyal and resourceful servant Sam Weller. Blending wit with Dickens’s keen observations of Victorian society, the book offers a light-hearted yet insightful commentary on human nature.

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Ordinary Differential Equations by L. S. Pontryagin (LaTeX version)

Posted on September 25, 2026 by The Mitr

Screenshot

This book has been written on the basis of lectures which I delivered at the department of mathematics and mechanics of Moscow State Uni versity. In drawing up the program for my lectures, I proceeded on the belief that the selection of material must not be random nor must it rest exclusively on established tradition. The most important and interesting applications of ordinary differential equations to engineering are found in the theory of oscillations and in the theory of automatic control. These applications were chosen to serve as guides in the selection of material. Since oscillation theory and automatic control theory without doubt also play a very important role in the development of our contemporary tech nical culture, my approach to the selection of material for the lecture course is, if not the only possible one, in any case a reasonable one. In attempting to give the students not only a purely mathematical tool suitable for engineering applications, but also to demonstrate the appli cations themselves, I included certain engineering problems in the lectures. In the book they are presented in §13, 27, and 29. I consider that these problems constitute an integral organic part of the lecture course and, accordingly, of this book.

We received a mail with the title “Pontryagin – Ordinary Differential Equations (retyped in LaTeX)” from Althea Sindy

inside it was this gem of book typeset in LaTeX with this lovely message

“I have given this book the love it deserves. :3”

You sure have, thanks a ton!

All credits to Althea Sindy for reviving this gem of book and giving it a new life.

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Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1 First-order differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Some elementary integration methods . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Formulation of the existence and uniqueness theorem . . . 20

4 Reduction of a general system of differential equations to a

normal system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Complex differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Some properties of linear differential equations . . . . . . 28

2 LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFI-

CIENTS 45

7 The linear homogeneous equation with constant coefficients.

Case of simple roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

8 The linear homogeneous equation with constant coefficients.

Case of multiple roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Stable polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

10 The linear nonhomogeneous equation with constant coeffi-

cients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 13 14 Method of elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 The method of complex amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

The normal linear homogeneous system with constant coef-

ficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

15 Autonomous systems of differential equations and their

phase spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

16 The phase plane of a linear homogeneous system with con-

stant coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

3 LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH VARIABLE COEFFI-

CIENTS 143

17 The normal system of linear equations . . . . . . . . . . . 143

vvi CONTENTS

18 19 The linear equation of nth order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The normal linear homogeneous system with periodic coef-

ficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

161

4 EXISTENCE THEOREMS 169

20 Proof of the existence and uniqueness theorem for one

equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

21 Proof of the existence and uniqueness theorem for a normal

system of equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

22 23 Local theorems of continuity and differentiability of solutions 190

First integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

24 Behavior of the trajectories on large time intervals . . . . 211

25 Global theorems of continuity and differentiability . . . . 214

5 STABILITY 223

26 27 28 29 30 Lyapunov’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

The centrifugal governor and the analysis of Vyshnegradskiy 237

Limit cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

The vacuum-tube oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

The states of equilibrium of a second-order autonomous

system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Stability of periodic solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

293

6 LINEAR ALGEBRA 311

32 33 34 The minimal annihilating polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . Matrix functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Jordan form of a matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

318

326

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Heat And Mass Transfer by A. Luikov

Posted on September 25, 2026 by The Mitr

The present book was written by the outstanding Soviet scientist, academician of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences, Professor Aleksei V. Luikov, not long before his death in 1974. This is the amended and supplemented second edition of the popular reference book published in 1972.

Heat- and mass-transfer theory deals with the transfer of energy (heat), momentum, and mass, and embraces some sections of molecular physics, aerohydrodynamics, reversible and irreversible thermodynamics, physicochemistry of surface effects, and chemical engineering. Convective diffusion transfer processes are considered in terms of irreversible and nonlinear thermodynamics of continua. In this second edition, considerable attention and space have been devoted to asymmetric hydrodynamics due to the increasing importance of rheological materials, for which classical transfer equations are not applicable. Transfer equations based on nonlinear relations with memory govern transfer phenomena in such materials more accurately.

The chapters “Heat Conduction” and “Convective Heat Transfer” have been amended and supplemented. In the solution of convective heat transfer problems, the author substituted fourth-kind boundary conditions for boundary conditions of the third kind. In all cases, heat transfer in fluids is analysed jointly with heat transfer in a solid wall.

The chapter “Transport Phenomena in Capillary-Porous Bodies” is supplemented with a theoretical analysis of mass transfer in such materials in the presence of phase conversions (liquid evaporation), which is of great practical importance for the development of calculation procedures for transpiration cooling and duration of drying processes.

The sixth chapter entitled “Analytical Heat and Mass Diffusion Theory” comprises an analysis of the differential heat and moisture transfer equations in capillary-porous colloid materials during limit transitions, which is applicable to drying processes and experimental methods of determining thermophysical properties.

Translated from the Russian by T. Kortneva.

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Editor’s Preface to the Russian Edition

Author’s Preface to the First Edition

Chapter 1. Convective Diffusional Transfer
1-1. Basic Analytical Relations
1-2. Differential Transfer Equations
1-3. Thermodynamics of Transfer Processes
1-4. Multicomponent Mixtures
1-5. Derivation of Transfer Equations on the Basis of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
1-6. Transfer Equations for Asymmetric Fluids
1-7. Hydrodynamics of a Vortex Structure Fluid
1-8. Inhomogeneous Turbulence Heat Transfer
1-9. Elements of Nonlinear Thermomechanics in Continua
1-10. Distinguishing Features of Rheological Hydrodynamics
1-11. On Hyperbolic Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations

Chapter 2. Heat Conduction
2-1. Differential Equation of Heat Conduction
2-2. Initial and Boundary Conditions
2-3. Heat Consumption Calculation Methods
2-4. Methods of Solving Heat-Conduction Problems
2-5. Steady-State Temperature Field
2-6. Solution of Steady-State Problems by the Conformal Mapping Technique
2-7. One-Dimensional Unsteady-State Field (Plate, Cylinder)
2-8. Temperature Waves
2-9. Boundary Conditions of the Fourth Kind
2-10. Two- and Three-Dimensional Problems

Chapter 3. Convective Heat Transfer
3-1. Heat and Mass Transfer in a Flow past a Flat Plate
3-2. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer in a Laminar Flow past a Flat Plate
3-3. Heat and Mass Transfer in Pipe Flows and in Flows past Complex Geometries
3-4. Simultaneous Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer
3-5. Free Convection
3-6. Thermoconvective Waves

Chapter 4. Conjugate Heat-Transfer Problems
4-1. Physical Basis of Conjugate Heat-Transfer Problems
4-2. Conjugation Number
4-3. Approximate Solution of Problems for a Plate in a Laminar Flow
4-4. Exact Solutions of Heat-Transfer Problems for a Plate (with a Heat Source) in Compressible Gas Flow
4-5. Asymmetric Problems without a Heat Source
4-6. Internal Conjugate Problems
4-7. Unsteady-State Heat Transfer with Laminar Flow of Incompressible Fluid in Plane and Circular Tubes
4-8. Conjugate Heat-Transfer Problem with Turbulent Fluid Flow

Chapter 5. Transport Phenomena in Capillary-Porous Bodies
5-1. Structural Properties
5-2. Thermodynamics of Surface Effects
5-3. Averaging Rules
5-4. Thermodynamic Properties of Moisture Transfer
5-5. Molecular-Kinetic Method
5-6. Heat Conduction in Capillary-Porous and Disperse Materials
5-7. Moisture Transfer in Porous Materials
5-8. Application of Capillary-Porous Materials in Space Engineering
5-9. Transfer Effects under Conditions of Weightlessness
5-10. Heat Pipes

Chapter 6. Analytical Heat and Mass Diffusion Theory
6-1. Differential Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations
6-2. Differential Moisture-Transfer Equations in Drying Processes
6-3. Generalized System of Differential Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations
6-4. Mass Transfer Similarity Numbers
6-5. Solution of Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations at Generalized Boundary Conditions
6-6. Boundary Conditions of the Third Kind
6-7. Differential Equations of Filtration Through Porous Materials
6-8. Diffusion Through Porous Materials
6-9. Hyperbolic Differential Heat- and Mass-Transfer Equations and Their Solutions

References

Index

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A Practical Course In Chemical Technology by I. P. Muklyonov (Ed.)

Posted on September 24, 2026 by The Mitr

The course in chemical technology taught at chemical colleges and departments consists of three parts: lectures, practical studies, and laboratory work. A combination of these three teaching methods provides students with a sound foundation for studying any discipline of chemical technology.

This course is primarily aimed at presenting the basic laws of chemical technology, applicable to most chemical processes, as well as processes in the metallurgical, silicate, pulp and paper, and fuel processing industries. Studying the basic types of chemical processes—homogeneous and heterogeneous, non-catalytic and catalytic, electrochemical—and the associated reactors is combined with an analysis of concrete processes of greatest importance to the national economy. Particular attention is given to typical processes embodying the major aspects of chemical technology. The lectures and laboratory work also cover the structural materials used in the manufacture of chemical reactors.

In the 3rd Russian edition, emphasis is placed on the analysis of automated and computerized reactors, as well as new methods and instruments employed in the investigation of material properties. Thus, students performing laboratory work better assimilate the facts presented in lectures, acquire skills for controlling industrial processes with the aid of advanced instrumentation and computers, learn analytical procedures, and improve their techniques for processing experimental results.

In a laboratory, students carry out the first (according to the syllabus) experiment. Each work covers practically all stages of experimental procedures. First of all, students learn about the subject from the textbook in chemical technology, the present practical course, and the literature recommended at the end of each work. Then, they go through the safety rules to be observed in a chemical laboratory (see Appendix, p. 425) and the instructions for the work being carried out. After a briefing by the instructor (colloquium), students are assigned to conduct the experiment. Students then become familiar with the experimental setup, check whether it is assembled correctly, activate individual units, and calibrate some instruments.

The next stage is an experimental study of the effect of some process parameters on the course of the process. Some assignments involve the analysis of the effect of temperature, concentrations, time, and other factors within a broad range, enabling students to plot the process characteristics as a function of a particular variable. Students make the necessary calculations using the experimental results and write a report, including the statement of the problem and purpose of the work, process flow sheet calculations and plots based on the experimental results, and conclusions. An assignment must be stated in such a manner as to enable students to complete the experiment within six hours. Every student must carry out laboratory works from all six chapters, while particular assignments are given depending on his or her specialization.

Translated from the Russian by V. Vopyan

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Preface

Chapter 1. Noncatalytic Processes
Laboratory Work 1. Production of Phosphoric Fertilizers by Acid Decomposition of Natural Phosphates
Laboratory Work 2. Carbonization of Ammoniacal Brine
Laboratory Work 3. Froth-Bed Gas Absorption
Laboratory Work 4. Polycondensation of Dichloroethane and Sodium Polysulphide (Production of Polysulphide Rubbers or Thiokols)
Laboratory Work 5. The Kinetics of Sulphide Ore Roasting
Laboratory Work 6. The Kinetics of Dicalcium Silicate Formation
Laboratory Work 7. Coal Carbonization
Laboratory Work 8. Low-Temperature Carbonization
Laboratory Work 9. Pyrolysis of Petroleum Products
Laboratory Work 10. Studying the Oxidation Rate of Metals at Elevated Temperatures
Laboratory Work 11. Manufacture and Testing of Plastics

Chapter 2. Catalytic Processes
Laboratory Work 12. Catalytic Cracking of Petroleum Products
Laboratory Work 13. Contact Oxidation of Sulphur Dioxide
Laboratory Work 14. Oxidation of Ammonia
Laboratory Work 15. Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene
Laboratory Work 16. Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Alkylbenzenes
Laboratory Work 17. Dehydration and Dehydrogenation of Ethanol in the Production of Butadiene
Laboratory Work 18. Copolycondensation of Phenol and Formaldehyde
Laboratory Work 19. Catalytic Processes of Formaldehyde Production
A. Conversion of Methanol
B. Incomplete Oxidation of Methane
C. Conversion of Dimethyl Ether in a Fluidized Catalyst Bed
Laboratory Work 20. Esterification of Alcohols with Carboxylic Acids

Chapter 3. Automated and Computerized Apparatus
Laboratory Work 21. Automated Absorption Plants
Laboratory Work 22. Performance Analysis of Liquid-Phase Reactors
Laboratory Work 23. Optimization of a Contact Plant of Sulphuric Acid, Operating on a Double Contact-Double Absorption Principle
Laboratory Work 24. Analysis of Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes on an Automated Continuous-Circulation Plant
Laboratory Work 25. Analysis of Reactor Models
A. Continuous Tubular Reactor
B. Batch Perfectly Mixed Reactor
C. Continuous Perfectly Mixed Reactor and a Cascade of Reactors

Chapter 4. Electrochemical Processes
Laboratory Work 26. Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Solution
Laboratory Work 27. Electrolysis of Lead Chloride Melt
Laboratory Work 28. Chromium Plating of Metals

Chapter 5. Preparation of Raw Materials and Material Analysis Techniques
Laboratory Work 29. Flotation
Laboratory Work 30. Water Treatment
Laboratory Work 31. Determination of Dispersity, Density of Solid Loose Materials, Density and Viscosity of Liquids
Laboratory Work 32. Analysis of the Porous Structure of Solids
A. Analysis of Porous Structure Using an Adsorption Vacuum System with a Quartz Spring Balance
B. Analysis of Secondary Structure of Porous Solids by Mercury Porometry
C. Determination of Specific Surface by the Low-Temperature Nitrogen Sorption Method
D. Determination of Specific Surface in a Chromatographic Vacuum
Laboratory Work 33. Analysis of Sorbent and Catalyst Structure by Electron Microscopy
Laboratory Work 34. Thermal Analysis
Laboratory Work 35. Analysis of Solid Materials by Infrared Spectroscopy
A. Location of the Maxima of the Main Absorption Bands in the Spectra of Known Compounds
B. Qualitative Analysis of a Mixture of Inorganic Salts by Infrared Spectra
C. Determination of the Structure of Inorganic Compounds from Infrared Spectra
Laboratory Work 36. Gas Analysis
Laboratory Work 37. Chromatographic Analysis of Multicomponent Gas and Liquid Mixtures
A. Effect of the Sample Injection Technique on the Accuracy of Analysis Results
B. Separation of Methane-Air Mixture
C. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of a Mixture of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
D. Analysis of a Mixture of Alkyl and Alkylene Benzenes
E. Separation and Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures Containing O₂, N₂, CO, CH₄, and CO₂

Appendix

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Foundations Of The Non Linear Theory Of Elasticity by V. V. Novozhilov

Posted on September 23, 2026 by The Mitr

This book is based on a course of lectures given by the author in 1947 in the Mathematical-Mechanical Department of Leningrad National University. It is devoted to the exposition of the theory of elasticity without any assumptions restricting the magnitude of elongations, displacements, or angles of rotation. It also examines, in a general formulation, the connection between stresses and strains in an isotropic elastic body.

Translated from the First (1948) Russian Edition by F. Bagemihl, H. Komm, W. Seidel

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