Elementary Textbook on Physics Vol 1 – Landsberg

Posted on January 7, 2019 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see Elementary Textbook on Physics – Volume 1 – Mechanics, Heat and Molecular Physics edited by G. S. Landsberg.

Landsberg-1-fc copy.jpg

About the book:

Volume 1 covers aspects of basic mechanics and fluid mechanics (both statics and dynamics), heat and molecular physics. These topics include:

Kinematics. Dynamics. Statics. Work and Energy. Curvilinear Motion. Motion in Noninertial Reference Systems and inertial Forces. Hydrostatics. Aerostatics. Fluid Dynamics. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids. Work. Heat. Law of Energy Conservation. Molecular Theory. Properties of Gases. Properties of Liquids. Properties of Solids. Transition from Solid to Liquid State. Elasticity and Strength. Properties of Vapours. Physics of the Atmosphere. Heat Engines.

 

About the series (from Front Jacket and Preface):

Elementary Textbook on Physics first appeared in 1948-52 under the editorship of Academician G.S. Landsberg (1890-1957) and immediately became popular with students preparing for entrance examinations in physics. The success of the book was due very much to the fact that each section was written by a specialist. Contributors to the book included the scientists S.E. Khaikin, M.A. Isakovich, M.A. Leontovich, D.I. Sakharov (Vol. 1), S.G. Kalashnikov (Vol. 2), S.M. Rytov, M.M. Sushchinskii (with the participation of I.A. Yakovlev), F.S. Landsberg-Baryshanskaya, and F.L. Shapiro (Vol. 3).

These three volumes form a course on elementary physics that has become very popular in the Soviet Union. Each sectioh was written by an authority in the appropriate field, while the overall unity and editing was supervised by Academician G.S. Landsberg (1890-1957). This textbook has gone through ten Russian editions and a great deal of effort went into the last edition to introduce SI units and change the terminology and notation for the physical units.

A feature of this course is the relatively small number of formulas and mathematical manipulations. Instead, attention was focussed on explaining physical phenomena in such a way as to combine scientific rigour and a form understandable to school children. Another aspect of the text is the technological application of the physical laws.

These features make the text a world-class textbook.

For students preparing to enter universities and colleges to study physics, and for those it high schools specialising in physics.

The book was translated from the Russian by Natalia Wadhwa and was first published by Mir in 1988.

 

The Internet Archive Link Vol 1 and here

The Internet Archive Link Vol 2 and here

The Internet Archive Link Vol 3 and here

Contents Vol 1

Front Cover 1
Front Jacket 2
Title Page 7
Contents 9
From the Preface to the First Russian Edition 15
From the Publishers of the Tenth Russian Edition 18
Introduction 20
Part One Mechanics 23
Chapter 1 Kinematics 23
1.1. Motion of Bodies 23
1.2. Kinematics. Relative Nature of Motion and State of Rest 25
1.3. Trajectory of Motion 26
1.4. Translatory and Rotary Motion of a Body 28
1.5. Motion of a Point 29
1.6. Description of Motion of a Point 30
1.7. Measurement of Length 33
1.8. Measurement of Time Intervals 36
1.9. Uniform Rectilinear Motion and Its Velocity 38
1.10 The Sign of Velocity in Rectilinear Motion 40
1.11. Units of Velocity 40
1.12. Path vs. Time Graph 43
1.13. Velocity vs. Time Graph 47
1.14. Nonuniform Rectilinear Motion. Average Velocity 48
1.15. Instantaneous Velocity 49
1.16. Acceleration in Rectilinear Motion 51
1.17. Velocity of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in a Straight Line 53
1.18. The Sign of Acceleration in Rectilinear Motion 54
1.19. Velocity Graphs for Uniformly Accelerated Motion in a Straight Line 55
1.20. Velocity Graph for an Arbitrary Nonuniform Motion 56
1.21. Calculation of the Path Traversed in Nonuniform Motion with the Help of Velocity Graph 58
1.23. Vectors 60
1.24. Decomposition of a Vector into Components 64
1.25. Curvilinear Motion 67
1.26. Velocity of Curvilinear Motion 67
1.27. Acceleration in Curvilinear Motion 69
1.28. Motion in Different Reference Systems 71
1.29. Kinematics of Motion in Outer Space 73
Chapter 2 Dynamics 76
2.1. Problems of Dynamics 76
2.2. Law of Inertia 76
2.3. Inertial Reference Systems 79
2.4. Galileo’s Relativity Principle 79
2.5. Forces 80
2.6. Balanced Forces. State of Rest and Inertial Motion 82
2.7. Force as a Vector. Standard of Force 83
2.8. Spring Balance 84
2.9. The Point of Application of a Force 87
2.10. Resultant Force 88
2.11. Composition of Forces Acting along a Straight Line 88
2.12. Composition of Forces Acting at an Angle to Each Other 89
2.13. Relation between Force and Acceleration 91
2.14. Mass of a Body 93
2.15. Newton’s Second Law 95
2.16. Units of Force and Mass 98
2.17. Systems of Units 99
2.18. Newton’s Third Law 99
2.19. Applications of Newton’s Third Law 102
2.20. Momentum of a Body 104
2.21. System of Bodies. Law of Momentum Conservation 105
2.22. Application of the Law of Momentum Conservation 107
2.23. Free Fall of Bodies 109
2.24. Free Fall Acceleration 110
2.25. Falling of a Body with Zero Initial Velocity and Motion of a Body Thrown Vertically Upwards 110
2.26. Weight of a Body 112
2.27. Mass and Weight 114
2.28. Density of Substances 115
2.29. Emergence of Deformations 116
2.30. Deformations in Stationary Bodies Caused Only by Contact Forces 117
2.31. Deformations in Stationary Bodies Caused by the Force of Gravity 118
2.32. Deformation of a Body Moving with an Acceleration 119
2.33. Vanishing of Deformations in Free Fail 121
2.34. Destruction of Moving Bodies 123
2.35. Frictional Forces 124
2.36. Rolling Friction 127
2.37. Role of Friction 128
2.38. Resistance of Medium 129
2.39. Falling of Bodies in Air 130
Chapter 3 Statics 133
3.1. Problems of Statics 133
3.2. Perfectly Rigid Body 134
3.3. Translation of the Point of Application of a Force Acting on a Rigid Body 135
3.4. Equilibrium of a Body under the Action of Three Forces 137
3.5. Decomposition of Forces 138
3.6. Projections of Forces. General Conditions of Equilibrium 141
3.7. Constraints. Constraining Forces. A Body with a Fixed Axis 143
3.8. Equilibrium of a Body with a Fixed Axis 145
3.9. Moment of Force 146
3.10. Measurement of Torque 149
3.11. Force Couple 150
3.12. Composition of Parallel Forces. Centre of Gravity 151
3.13. Determination of the Centre of Gravity of a Body 154
3.14. Equilibrium of a Body under the Action of the Force of Gravity 157
3.15. Conditions of Stable Equilibrium under the Action of the Force of Gravity 159
3.16. Simple Machines 162
3.17. Wedge and Screw 168
Chapter 4 Work and Energy 172
4.1. “Golden Rule” of Mechanics 172
4.2. Applications of the “Golden Rule” 173
4.3. Work Done by a Force 174
4.4. Work Done during a Displacement Normal to the Direction of Force 176
4.5. Work Done by a Force Acting at an Arbitrary Angle to Displacement 176
4.6. Positive and Negative Work 177
4.7. Units of Work 178
4.8. Motion over a Horizontal Plane 179
4.9. Work Done by the Force of Gravity in Motion over an Inclined Plane 179
4.10. Principle of Work Conservation 180
4.11. Energy 182
4.12. Potential Energy 183
4.13. Potential Energy of Elastic Deformation 185
4.14. Kinetic Energy 187
4.15. Kinetic Energy in Terms of Mass and Velocity of a Body 187
4.16. Total Energy of a Body 188
4.17. The Law of Energy Conservation 190
4.18. Frictional Forces and the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy 193
4.19. Conversion of Mechanical Energy into Internal Energy 194
4.20. General Nature of the Law of Energy Conservation 196
4.21. Power 197
4.22. Calculation of Power of Machines 198
4.23. Power
4.24. Efficiency of Machines 200
Chapter 5 Curvilinear Motion 202
5.1. Emergence of Curvilinear Motion 202
5.2. Acceleration of a Curvilinear Motion 203
5.3. Motion of a Body Thrown along the Horizontal 204
5.4. Motion of a Body Thrown at an Angle to the Horizontal 207
5.5. Flight of Bullets and Projectiles 210
5.6. Angular Velocity 211
5.7. Forces in a Uniform Circular Motion 212
5.8. Emergence of the Force Acting on a Body Moving in a Circle 214
5.9. Rupture of Flywheels 216
5.10. Deformation of a Body Moving in a Circle 217
5.11. Roller Coaster 219
5.12. Banking of Tracks 221
5.13. The Circular Motion of a Suspended Body 222
5.14. Motion of Planets 223
5.15. The Law of Universal Gravitation 227
5.16. Artificial Satellites of the Earth 231
Chapter 6 Motion in Noninertial Reference Systems and Inertial Forces 239
6.1. The Role of a Reference System 239
6.2. Motion Relative to Different Inertial Systems 240
6.3. Motion Relative to an Inertial and a Noninertial Reference System 241
6.4. Noninertial Systems in Translatory Motion 243
6.5. Inertial Forces 243
6.6. Equivalence of Inertial Forces and Gravitational Forces 245
6.7. Weightlessness and Overloads 248
6.8. Is the Earth an Inertial Reference System? 250
6.9. Rotating Reference Systems 251
6.10. Inertial Forces for a Body Moving Relative to a Rotating Reference System 253
6.11. Proof of the Earth’s Rotation 254
6.12. Tides 257
Chapter 7 Hydrostatics 259
7.1. Mobility of Liquids 259
7.2. Force of Pressure 260
7.3. Measurement of Compressibility of a Liquid 262
7.4. “Incompressible” Liquid 263
7.5. Forces of Pressure Are Transmitted in a Liquid in All Directions 263
7.6. Direction of Forces of Pressure 264
7.7. Pressure 264
7.8. Membrane Manometer 265
7.9. Independence of Pressure of the Orientation of an Area Element 266
7.10. Units of Pressure 267
7.11. Determination of Forces of Pressure from Pressure 267
7.12. Distribution of Pressure in a Liquid 268
7.13. Pascal’s Principle 269
7.14. Hydraulic Press 270
7.15. Liquid under the Action of the Force of Gravity 272
7.16. Communicating Vessels 276
7.17. Liquid Column Manometer 278
7.18. Water Supply System. Pressure Pump 279
7.19. Siphon 281
7.20. Force of Pressure on the Bottom of a Vessel 282
7.21. Water Pressure in Sea Depths 285
7.22. The Strength of a Submarine 288
7.23. Archimedes’ Principle 289
7.24. Measurement of Density of Bodies on the Basis of Archimedes’ Principle 293
7.25. Floatation of Bodies 293
7.26. Floatation of Hollow Bodies 296
7.27. Stability of Floating Ships 298
7.28. Rising of Bubbles to the Surface 299
7.29. Bodies Lying on the Bottom of a Vessel 299
Chapter 8 Aerostatics 301
8.1. Mechanical Properties of Gases 301
8.2. Atmosphere 302
8.3. Atmospheric Pressure 303
8.4. Other Experiments Confirming the Existence of the Atmospheric Pressure 305
8.5. Vacuum Pumps 308
8.6. Effect of the Atmospheric Pressure on the Level of Liquid in a Pipe 308
8.7. Maximum Height of a Liquid Column 310
8.8. Torricelli’s Experiment. Mercury Barometer and Aneroid Barometer 312
8.9. Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure over Altitude 315
8.10. Physiological Effect of Lowered Air Pressure 318
8.11. Archimedes’ Principle for Gases 318
8.12. Balloons and Airships 319
8.13. Application of Compressed Air in Engineering 321
Chapter 9 Fluid Dynamics 324
9.1. Pressure in a Fluid Flow 324
9.2. Fluid Flow in Pipes. Fluid Friction 326
9.3. Bernoulli’s Law 329
9.4. Fluid in Noninertial Reference Systems 331
9.5. Reaction of a Moving Fluid and Its Application 333
9.6. Motion over Water Surface 336
9.7. Rockets 338
9.9. Ballistic Missiles 340
9.10. Launching a Rocket from the Earth 342
9.11. Air Resistance. Resistance of Water 342
9.12. Magnus Effect and Circulation 346
9.14. Turbulence in a Fluid Flow 351
9.15. Laminar Flow 352
Part Two Heat. Molecular Physics 353
Chapter 10 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 353
10.1. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 353
10.2. Thermometers 357
10.3. Formula of Linear Expansion 359
10.4. Formula for Volume Expansion 361
10.5. Relation between Temperature Coefficients of Linear and Volume Expansion 363
10.6. Measurement of Temperature Coefficient of Volume Expansion for Liquids 364
10.7. Thermal Expansion of Water 364
Chapter 11 Work. Heat. Law of Energy Conservation 366
11.1. Change of the State of Bodies 366
11.2. Heating of Bodies on Which Work Is Done 367
11.3. The Change in the Internal Energy in Heat Transfer 369
11.4. Units of Heat 370
11.5. Dependence of Internal Energy of a Body on Its Mass and Substance of Which It Is Made Up 371
11.6. Heat Capacity of a Body 372
11.7. Specific Heat Capacity 373
11.8. Calorimeter. Measurement of Heat Capacity 373
11.9. The Law of Energy Conservation 376
11.10. Perpetual-Motion Machine (Perpetuum Mobile) 378
11.11. Types of Processes Involving Heat Transfer 378
Chapter 12 Molecular Theory 383
12.1. Molecules and Atoms 383
12.2. Size of Atoms and Molecules 384
12.3. Microworld 385
12.4. Internal Energy from the Viewpoint of Molecular Theory 386
12.5. Molecular Motion 387
12.6. Molecular Motion in Gases
12.7. Brownian Movement 389
12.8. Intermolecular Forces 390
Chapter 13 Properties of Gases 393
13.1. Pressure of a Gas 393
13.2. Temperature Dependence of Gas Pressure 395
13.3. Formula Expressing Gay-Lussac’s Law 396
13.4. Gay-Lussac’s Law from the Point of View of Molecular Theory 397
13.5. Variation of Gas Temperature with a Change in Its Volume. Adiabatic and Isothermal Processes 398
13.6. Boyle’s Law 400
13.7. Formula Expressing Boyle’s Law 402
13.8. The Graph Representing Boyle’s Law 403
13.9. Relation between the Gas Density and Pressure 403
13.10. Molecular Interpretation of Boyle’s Law 404
13.11. Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature 405
13.12. Charles’ Law 406
13.13. Graphs Representing Gay-Lussac’s and Charles’ Laws 407
13.14. Thermodynamic Temperature 408
13.15. Gas Thermometer 410
13.16. Gas Volume and Thermodynamic Temperature 411
13.17. Temperature Dependence of Gas Density 411
13.18. Equation of State for a Gas 412
13.19. Dalton’s Law 413
13.20. Density of Gases 415
13.21. Avogadro’s Law 416
13.22. Mole. Avogadro’s Number 417
13.23. Velocities of Gas Molecules 418
13.24. Measurement of Velocities of Gas Molecules(Stern’s Experiment) 422
13.25. Specific Heat Capacities of Gases 424
13.26. Molar Heat Capacities 425
13.27. The Dulong and Petit Law 426
Chapter 14 Properties of Liquids 428
14.1. Structure of Liquids 428
14.2. Surface Energy 429
14.3. Surface Tension 433
14.4. Liquid Films 436
14.5. Temperature Dependence of Surface Tension 438
14.6. Wetting and Nonwetting 438
14.7. Arrangement of Molecules at the Surface of Bodies 441
14.8. The Role of the Curvature of the Free Surface of a Liquid 442
14.9. Capillary Phenomena 446
14.10. The Height to Which a Liquid Rises in Capillary Tubes 448
14.11. Adsorption 450
14.12. Floatation 451
14.13. Dissolution of Gases 453
14.14. Mutual Solubility of Liquids 455
14.15. Dissolution of Solids in Liquids 456
Chapter 15 Properties of Solids. Transition from Solid to Liquid State 458
15.1. Introduction 458
15.2. Crystalline Bodies 458
15.3. Amorphous Bodies 462
15.4. Crystal Lattice 463
15.5. Crystallisation 466
15.6. Melting and Solidification 467
15.7. Specific Latent Heat of Fusion 468
15.8. Supercooling 470
15.9. The Change in the Density of a Substance during Fusion 471
15.10. Polymers 472
15.11. Alloys 475
15.12. Solidification of Solutions 477
15.13. Cooling Mixtures 477
15.14. Variation of Properties of a Solid 478
Chapter 16 Elasticity and Strength 480
16.1. Introduction 480
16.2. Elastic and Plastic Deformations 480
16.3. Hooke’s Law 481
16.4. Extension and Compression 482
16.5. Shear 484
16.6. Torsion 485
16.7. Bending 487
16.8. Strength 489
16.9. Hardness 490
16.10. What Occurs during Deformations of Bodies? 491
16.11. Energy Variation during Deformations of Bodies 491
Chapter 17 Properties of Vapours 493
17.1. Introduction 493
17.2. Saturated and Unsaturated Vapour 493
17.3. Variation of Volume of Liquid and Saturated Vapour 495
17.4. Dalton’s Law for Vapours 497
17.5. Molecular Pattern of Evaporation 498
17.6. Temperature Dependence of Saturated Vapour Pressure 499
17.7. Boiling 500
17.8. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation 504
17.9. Cooling during Evaporation 507
17.10. The Change in the Internal Energy during a Transition of a Substance from the Liquid State to Vapour 508
17.11. Evaporation from Curved Surfaces of Liquids 509
17.12. Superheating of a Liquid 510
17.13. Supersaturation of Vapours 511
17.14. Vapour Saturation in Sublimation 512
17.15. Liquefaction of Gases 513
17.16. Critical Temperature 514
17.17. Liquefaction of Gases in Engineering 517
17.18. Vacuum Technology 520
17.19. Water Vapour in the Atmosphere 521
Chapter 18 Physics of the Atmosphere 525
18.1. The Atmosphere 525
18.2. Heat Balance of the Earth 526
18.3. Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere 527
18.4. Clouds 528
18.5. Artificial Precipitation 530
18.6. Wind 530
18.7. Weather Forecasting 532
Chapter 19 Heat Engines 534
19.1. Necessary Conditions for the Operation of Heat Engines 534
19.2. Steam Power Plant 535
19.3. Steam Boiler 536
19.4. Steam Turbine 537
19.5. Steam Piston Engine 539
19.6. Condenser 540
19.7. Efficiency of Heat Engines 541
19.8. Efficiency of a Steam Power Plant 541
19.9. Petrol Internal Combustion Engine 543
19.10. Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines 547
19.11. Diesel Engine 548
19.12. Jet Engines 549
19.13. Heat Transfer from a Cold to a Hot Body 550
Answers and Solutions 553
Index 556
Back Jacket 568
Back Cover 569

 

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ABC’s of Quantum Mechanics – Rydnik

Posted on January 7, 2019 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book ABC’s of Quantum Mechanics by V. Rydnik.

IMG_20181012_0001.jpg

About the book:

This book will tell you about the origin and development of quantum mechanics, about its new concepts. It will describe how the new theory deciphered the secrets of the structure of atoms, molecules, crystals, atomic nuclei, and how quantum mechanics is dealing with the problem of the most fundamental of all properties of matter – the interaction of particles and the relationships between fields and matter.

The book was translated from the Russian by and was first published by Mir in 1966.

Credits to itanveer for the original scan.

We cleaned the 2-in-1 scan and added a new cover and bookmarks.

The Internet Archive Link and here

Update: We have made a LaTeX version as well, you can get it here and here

Original scan as uploaded by itanveer. IA link for the same. Please note pages 258-259 are missing from the scan.

There is a Bengali version of the book available also. Thanks to Siddharth for pointing this link:

Link to the Bengali version.

Contents
FROM CLASSICAL MECHANICS TO QUANTUM MECHANICS

In Lieu of an Introduction 11
The Outlines of the New World 12
The Temple of Classical Mechanics 15
The Temple Collapses 17
How the New Theory was Named 18
Physicists Build Models 20
Not Everything Can be Modelled 23
The Invisible, Untouchable World 25
Difficult but Interesting 26

THE FIRST STEPS OF THE NEW THEORY

Heat and Light 29
Blacker than Black 31
Exact Laws, Not Rough Approximations 32
The Ultraviolet Catastrophe 34
Classical Physics at an Impasse 35
The Way out 36
Quanta of Energy 38
The Elusive Quanta 40
An Unaccountable Phenomenon 43
Photons 44
What is Light? 46
The Visiting Cards of Atoms 48
Why do Bodies Emit Light? 50
The Biography of the Atom Written by Niels Bohr 53
From Where do We Reckon the Energy? 57
Excited Atoms 59
The First Setbacks 61
FROM BOHR’S THEORY TO QUANTUM MECHANICS

A Remarkable Article 65
A Little about Ordinary Waves 66
Getting Acquainted With Matter Waves 67
Why Can’t We See de Broglie Waves? 68
The Wave is Found 71
Two-Faced Particles 75
P1lot Waves 76
Together or Separately? 78
A Visit to the Shooting Range 80
Waves of Probability 83
Probability Enters into Physics 84
Cautious Predictions 87
Waves of Particles and Particles of Waves 90
On the Way to the Wave Law 91
Measuring Instruments Take over 95
The Uncertainty Relation 98
What IS to Blame, the Instrument or the Electron? 101
An Attempt with Rather Faulty Tools 103
Another Marvel 106
The Uncertainty Relation Once Agam 109
Matter Waves Again 112
The Wave FunctiOn 114
Waves and Quanta are United 116

ATOMS. MOLECULES. CRYSTALS

Clouds in Place of Orbits 120
Monotony in Diversity 124
Another Marvel- But as Yet Unexplained 125
The Atomic Architect at Work 128
Crazy Atoms 130
Atoms and Chemistry 132
The Birth of a Spectrum 136
Fat Lines and Double Lines 140
Atoms Get Married 142
Solid Bodies are Really Solid 147
Skeletons and Multistorey Structures of Crystals 149
Insulators Can Conduct Current 155
How does Current Move in a Metal? 158
Those Wonderful “Semi-Things” 162
Useful ‘Dirt’ 164
Generous and Greedy Atoms 165

THE INTERIOR OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS

On the Threshold 171
The First Step 173
The Second Step 176
The Search for the Mysterious Meson 180
The Strongest Forces of All 181
Once Again about the Stability of Nuclei 185
Tunnels in Nuclei 187
Does the Nucleus Consist of Shells? 191
Where do Gamma Rays Come from? 193
The Nucleus as a Liquid Drop? 196
The Liquid-Drop Nucleus Splits 198
The Secrets of Nuclear Fission 200
How Many Nuclei Can There Be? 203
The Nucleus as Shells and Liquid Drop Together 204
Particles Fly out of the Nucleus that Were Never There 207
The Electron Has an Accomplice 209
Electrons are Born in Nuclei 212
The Hungry Nucleus 215

FROM ATOMIC NUCLEI TO ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

The Discovery of a New World 219
The Invisible Dividing Line 221
A Bit More about the Theory of Relativity 224
The First Difficulties 226
An Unexpected Discovery 228
A Still More Unexpected Discovery 231
The Birth of a ‘Hole’ 235
The Outlines of Emptiness 237
Complete Emptiness? 240
Emptiness depends on Bodies 242
Matter and Fields 245
There is No Emptiness 246
What the Whales Rest on 249
Particles Change Their Guise 251
The Two-Faced Pi-Meson 254
A Clue to Meson Exchange 256
The Secret of Interaction 259
The Kingdom of Virtualities 264
The Virtual Becomes Real 265
In the Search for New Particles 268
Sorting the Booty 270
Antiparticles Come into Action 274
Particles Disintegrate 276
Physicists Classify Interactions 279
The Mystery of the K-Mesons 281
Is the Left Any Different from the Right? 283
A Way out is Found 287
Worlds and Antiworlds 290
What Goes on Inside Particles? 292
The Mysterious Resonances 295
The Curtain Rises 297
Resonances Get Citizenship 299
Triplets, Octets- 302
Quarks 306
Old Ideas Hold One Back 308
The Reverse of the Obvious 310
The Ubiquitous Quantum 312

FROM QUANTUM MECHANICS TO ·>

Indeterminable Determinacies 315
The Biography of Quantum Mechanics 320
Quantum Mechanics Gets Its Second Wind 324

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Man and Nature – Fedorov

Posted on January 1, 2019 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Man and Nature by E. Fedorov.

Fedorov-Man-and-Nature-Progress-1980

About the book

The book explores the aspect of development from the perspective of the relationship of humanity to nature. The author links these to a peaceful coexistence of countries with different social systems. In the past, the natural resources were virtually unlimited, but with an increase in the population, they are being stressed. The pressing problem is to optimise the use of these resources and their equitable sharing. This book explores various aspects of this problem from a global perspective and possible policy implications that arise from these perspectives for a better future.

About the author

Academician Evgeni K. Fedorov, member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, an outstanding Soviet scientist and public figure, author of several books and a large number of articles on various problems of geophysics and meteorology, has for many years been concerned with the problem of interaction between man and nature.

As a staff researcher at the Arctic Institute in Leningrad, he took part in the first Soviet expedition to the North Pole led by Ivan Papanin (1937-1938), and in many other Arctic expeditions. Fedorov continued his scientific work in the Hydrometeorological Service of the USSR, held a post at the Geophysics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, headed the Chief Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and now heads the Institute of Applied Geophysics of the State Committee of the USSR on Hydrometeorology and Control of Natural Environment. His scientific work and public activities are well known in the USSR and other countries. From 1963 to 1971, Fedorov was Vice-President of the World Meteorological Association and later a member of its Joint Organizing Committee.

Together with other Soviet experts, Fedorov represented the USSR at the talks on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests and environmental modification for military purposes. At present he is Vice-President of the World Council of Peace and Chairman of the Soviet Peace Committee.

The book was translated from the Russian by Sergei Chulaki and was published by Progress in 1980.

The Internet Archive Link and here

CONTENTS

Preface by the Author. 5

Introduction 6

CHAPTER ONE. The Limits of the Possible 21

The Population Explosion and Population Control 21
Resources 30
The Natural Environment 47
The Volume of the Earth 61

CHAPTER TWO. From Irrational to Optimal Interaction Between Man and Nature 66

The Roots of the Irrational 66
The Danger of War 78
The Road to Optimization 88

CHAPTER-THREE. From Spontaneously Developing to Consciously Directed Civilization 107

Humans Shape Nature 107
The Shaping of Society 130
Towards a Consciously Directed Civilization 151

BIBLIOGRAPHY 174

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Equality, Resemblance and Order – Schreider

Posted on January 1, 2019 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Equality, Resemblance, and Order by Ju. A. Schreider.

Schreider-Equality-Resemblance-Order-Mir-1975-fc.jpg

About the book

This book tells how one may formally describe properties of the well-known relations mention­ed in the title. This example is used to clarify the transition from familiar, but imprecise concepts to strict mathematical definitions. The need for strict descriptions of the simplest relations arises in mathematical logic, cyberne­ tics, mathematical linguistics, etc. The last chapter of the book is devoted to the simplest examples from mathematical linguistics.
This book was written as a popular introduction to the theory of binary relations. The binary relations studied previously from the point of view of mathematical logic’s special needs turned out to be a very simple and convenient apparatus for quite a variety of problems. The language of binary (and more general relations) is very convenient and natural for mathematical linguistics, mathematical biology and a great many other applied (for mathematics) fields. This is very easy to explain if we say that the geometric aspect of the theory of binary relations is simply the theory of graphs. But if geometric graph theory is well-known and widely represented in the most varied kinds of literature – from popular to monographic, the algebraic aspects of the theory of relations have received almost no systematic treatment.
But in spite of this, the algebra of relations can be pre­sented so comprehensibly that it could be grasped by high school students attending mathematical study circles, linguists dealing with mathematical models of a language in the course of their work, students of the humanities re­quiring a specific mathematical education, scientific workers dealing with any aspects whatsoever of cybernetics, etc.
This book was written so that it could be used by readers who are not professional mathematicians. In any case, the basic material of the first five chapters are designed for such a reader. The sixth chapter requires some experience in reading mathematical literature. The seventh chapter is written especially for linguists and mathematicians dealing with mathematical linguistics. It is only a particular exam­ple for the more general reader.
Formally, the only prerequisites for reading this book are the knowledge of high school mathematics and a familiarity with certain elements of set theory (obtainable, for example, from Appendix 2). However, it would be helpful for the reader to possess an acquaintance with the elements of mathematics.
The book contains 72 illus.

About the author

 JULIUS SCHREIDER
Is a docent and a Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. He is head of the sec­tor on semiotic problems of information at the All Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He is the author of one hundred and fifty pub­lished works, six of them books, including The Monte Carlo Method. Pergamon Press. 1966 (tran­slated from the 1962 Russian edition), papers on computer theory (Some of which have been translated into English), the semantic theory of information (Some of which have appeared in the journal Information Storage and Retrieval), ma­thematical linguistics, the mathematical theory of collectives, system theory (some of which have appeared in the journal Ideen der exakten Wissen. the 1973 and 1975 issues of the yearly “System Research”, etc.), the methodology of science (“Science – a Source of Knowledge and Superstition”. New World, No. 10, 1969. ‘‘Is Rea­ son Inherent in Computers?”, Questions of Philo­ sophy. No. 7. 1974).
Julius Schreider’s publications have been tran­slated into English, German. Bulgarian. Polish, Hungarian. Japanese, Czech, Latvian and Ukrai­nian. This book is also appearing in Hungarian and Polish translations.
The book was translated from the Russian by Martin Greendlinger and was published by Mir in 1975.

The Internet Archive Link and here

Note: This is not a flip book format as I had uploaded an image file first and that format cannot be changed. Just look for the pdf link on the sidebar.

Contents

From the Introduction to the Russian Edition. 5
Preface. 8
List of Symbols. 11
Introduction. 13
Chapter I. Relations. 16
§ 1. How a Relation is Given. 16
§ 2. Functions as Relations. 25
§ 3. Operations on Relations. 29
§ 4. Algebraic Properties of Operations. 37
§ 5. Properties of Relations. 43
§ 6. Invariance of Properties of Relations. 46
Chapter II. Identity and Equivalence. 50
§1. From Identity to Equivalence. 50
§2. Formal Properties of Equivalence. 57
§3. Operations on Equivalences. 65
§ 4. Equivalence Relations on the Real Axis. 74
Chapter III. Resemblance and Tolerance. 81
§ 1. From Resemblance to Tolerance. 81
§ 2. Operations on Tolerances. 94
§ 3. Tolerance Classes. 95
§ 4. A Further Exploration of the Structure of Tolerances. 107
Chapter IV. Ordering 117
§ 1. What is Order? 117
§ 2. Operations on Order Relations. 135
§ 3. Tree Orders. 142
§ 4. Sets with Several Orders. 150
Chapter V. Relations in School Mathematics. 159
§ 1. RelationsBetween Geometric Objects. 159
§ 2.Relations Between Equations. 163
Chapter VI. Mappings of Relations 166
§ 1. Homomorphisms and Correlations. 166
§ 2. Minimal Image and Canonical Completion of a Relation. 171
Chapter VII. Examples from Mathematical Linguistics 181
§ 1. Syntactical Structures. 181
§ 2. The General Concept of a Text. 202
§ 3. Compatibility Models. 210
§ 4. A Formal Problem in Decoding Theory. 218
§ 5. On Distributions  222
Appendix. 231
§ 1. Summary of the Main Types of Relations and Their Properties. 231
§ 2. Elementary Facts about Sets . 231
§ 3. What is a Model? 245
§ 4. Real Objects and Set-Theoretical Concepts. 250
Index  275

 

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Operations Research – Wentzel

Posted on December 31, 2018 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Operations Research: A Methodological Approach by Elena S. Wentzel.

IMG_20181226_0146

About the book

The aim of this book is to present in a widely appealing form the sub­ject matter and methods of operations research
(OR), a managerial tool designed to increase the effectiveness of mana­gerial decisions as an ob­jective supplement to the subjective assessment.
With no confinement to an exclusive area of practice, the discussion in the book is focused on the methodological as­pects which are common to all OR problems is simple and requires wherever they might ap­pear. Therefore the main emphasis is placed on such methodological treatises as problem formulation, model development, and assessment of computational results, rather than on mathematical rigor.
In writing this text the author — a well known Soviet mathematician and popular novelist – employed her many-year experience in govern­mental OR projects and lectureship at the Mos­cow Institute of Trans­portation Engineering to give a vivid presentation of the relevant methods of mathematical pro­gramming, game theory, queueing models, and decision analysis. The mathematics of the book is simple and requires only expertise in probability theory. The book is devoted primarily to the practitioners who are novices to the subject.
It will be interesting to students, engineers, managerial staff and all those involved in deci­sion making.
The book was translated from the Russian by Michael G. Edelev and was published by Mir in 1983.

CONTENTS

FOREWORD 7
1. THE NATURE AND USE OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 11
1.1 Operations Research—What It Is and What It Does 11
1.2 Main Concepts and Approaches of Operations Research 18
1.3 Model Development 25
2. APPROACHING OPERATIONS RESEARCH PROBLEMS 31
2.1 Two Ways of Posing the Problem. Deterministic Models 31
2.2 Decision Making under Uncertainty 35
2.3 Multiobjective Problems 49
3. LINEAR PROGRAMMING 62
3.1 Linear Programming Problems 62
3.2 Moving to Algebraic Solution 72
3.3 A Geometric Method of Solution 76
3.4 The Transportation Problem 86
3.5 Integer Progamming. The Concepts of Nonlinear Programming 98
4. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING 104
4.1 Concepts of Dynamic Programming 104
4.2 Solving Dynamic Programming Examples 114
4.3 A General Form of DP Problem. The Principle of Optimality 131
5. MARKOV PROCESSES 138
5.1 The Concept of the Markov Process 138
5.2 Arrivals Defined 145
5.3 The Kolmogorov Balance of State Equations 15
6. QUEUEING OR WAITING LINE THEORY 163
6.1 Objectives and Models of the Theory 163
6.2 The Birth and Death Process. The Little Formula 168
6.3 Analysis of Simplest Queueing Models 174
6.4 More Complex Queueing Models 193
7. STATISTICAL MODELING OF RANDOM PROCESSES (THE MONTE CARLO METHOD) 199
7.1 Idea, Purpose and Scope of the Method 199
7.2. Organizing a Random Sampling Mechanism 203
7.3 Modeling a Stationary Random Process by a Single Realization 210
8. GAME THEORY FOR DECISION MAKING 214
8.1 Subject and Problems of Game Theory 8.2 Matrix Games 219
8.3 Resolving Finite Games 228
8.4 Statistical Decision Analysis 240
BIBLIOGRAPHY 254
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Current scanning setup

Posted on December 26, 2018 by The Mitr

This is my current scanning setup: looks nice hence thought of sharing

2018-12-26 22.30.10.jpg

Sorry for the potato quality…

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Solid State Physics – Epifanov

Posted on December 26, 2018 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Solid State Physics by G. I. Epifanov.

 

Epifanov-Solid-State-Physics-Mir-1979.jpg

About the book

This is a classic book on the topic of solid state physics. and covers the various topics comprehensively. Starting from the structure of matter and various types of bonds in the first chapter the mechanical properties are treated in the second chapter. The second chapter also includes a discussion of Hooke’s Law, plastic flow, dislocations, elasticity etc. The third chapter deals with statistical mechanics and discusses degenerate and non-degenerate ensembles and various distribution functions. The fourth chapter looks at thermal properties of solids with reference to crystal lattice, heat capacity, heat conductivity etc. The fifth chapter discusses band theory of solids with reference to energy spectrum, effective mass and semiconductors. Some of the graphs in this chapter are revealing of the physical processes in the working of band structure. Sixth and seventh chapter deal with electrical and magnetic properties of solids. Sixth chapter also discusses deviations from Ohm’s Law (Section 58). Seventh chapter includes discssion on various types of magnetism their origins, and magnetic properties of solids and atoms along with magnetic resonance.  Eighth chapter discusses contact phenomenon, work functions between different of materials including p-n junctions. The last chapter discusses thermoelectric and galvanomagnetic phenomena including Seeback effect, Peltier effect, Thomson effect and some of their practical applications.

As in the first edition, the presentation of material has followed the aim of elucidating the physical nature of the phenomena dis­cussed. But, where possible, the qualitative relations are also pre­sented, often though without rigorous mathematics.
The book was translated from the Russian by Mark Samokhvalov and was published by Mir in 1979. We didn’t have the original cover, so we have recreated one.
Note: The book had many notes and underlines at various pages in the book left by the previous owner. We had to clean the marks and underlines manually. Though on some page they may have been left.
Contents
Preface 5
1 Bonding. The Internal Structure of Solids
§ 1 The van der Waals forces 11
§ 2 The ionic bond 15
§ 3 The covalent bond 16
§ 4 The metallic bond 21
§ 5 The hydrogen bond 22
§ 6 Comparison between bonds of various kinds 23
§ 7 Forces of repulsion 24
§ 8 Crystal lattice 25
§ 9 Notation used to describe sites, directions, and planes in a crystal 29
§10 Classification of solids based on the nature of bonds 32
§11 Polymorphism 38
§12 Imperfections and defects of the crystal lattice 42
2 Mechanical Properties of Solids
§ 13 Elastic and plastic deformations. Hooke’s law 46
§ 14 Principal laws governing plastic flow in crystals 51
§ 15 Mechanical twinning 55
§ 16 Theoretical and real shear strengths of crystals 56
§ 17 The dislocation concept. Principal types of dislocations 58
§ 18 Forces needed to move dislocations 64
§ 19 Sources of dislocations. Strengthening of crystals 66
§ 20 Brittle strength of solids 71
§ 21 Time dependence of the strength of solids 77
§ 22 Methods of increasing the strength of solids 81
3 Elements of Physical Statistics
§ 23 Methods used to describe the state of a macroscopic system 84
§ 24 Degenerate and nondegenerate ensembles 88
§ 25 The number of states for microscopic particles 91
§ 26 Distribution function for a nondegenerate gas 94
§ 27 Distribution function for a degenerate fermion gas 96
§ 28 Distribution function for a degenerate boson gas 103
§ 29 Rules for statistical averaging 105
4 Thermal Properties of Solids
§ 30 Normal modes of a lattice 107
§ 31 Normal modes spectrum of a lattice 110
§ 32 Phonons 112
§ 33 Heat capacity of solids 115
§ 34 Heat capacity of electron gas 120
§ 35 Thermal expansion of solids 122
§ 36 Heat conductivity of solids 126
5 The Band Theory of Solids
§ 37 Electron energy levels of a free atom 133
§ 38 Collectivization of electrons in a crystal 136
§ 39 Energy spectrum of electrons in a crystal 138
§ 40 Dependence of electron energy on the wave vector 142
§ 41 Effective mass of the electron 147
§ 42 Occupation of bands by electrons. Conductors,dielectrics, and semiconductors 151
§ 43 Intrinsic semiconductors. The concept of a hole 153
§ 44 Impurity semiconductors 156
§ 45 Position of the Fermi level and free carrier concentration in semiconductors 159
§ 46 Nonequilibrium carriers 166
6 Electrical Conductivity of Solids
§ 47 Equilibrium state of electron gas in a conductor in the absence of an electric field 169
§ 48 Electron drift in an electric field 170
§ 49 Relaxation time and mean free path 171
§ 50 Specific conductance of a conductor 173
§ 51 Electrical conductivity of nondegenerate and degenerate gases 174
§ 52 Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz law 176
§ 53 Temperature dependence of carrier mobility 177
§ 54 Electrical conductivity of pure metals 183
§ 55 Electrical conductivity of metal alloys 184
§ 56 Intrinsic conductivity of semiconductors 188
§ 57 Impurity (extrinsic) conductivity of semiconductors 190
§ 58 Deviation from Ohm’s law. The effect ofa strong field 193
§ 59 The Gunn effect 195
§ 60 Photoconductivity of semiconductors 196
§ 61 Luminescence 203
§ 62 Fundamentals of superconductivity 207
7 Magnetic Properties of Solids
§ 63 Magnetic field in magnetic materials 224
§ 64 Magnetic properties of solids 225
§ 65 Magnetic properties of atoms 232
§ 66 Origin of diamagnetism 238
§ 67 Origin of paramagnetism 240
§ 68 Origin of ferromagnetism 247
§ 69 Antiferromagnetism 254
§ 70 Ferrimagnetism. Ferrites 255 § 71 Magnetic resonance 257
§ 72 Fundamentals of quantum electronics 259
8 Contact Phenomena
§ 73 Work function 265
§ 74 Contact of two metals 268
§ 75 The metal-semiconductor contact 271
§ 76 Contact between two semiconductors of different types of conductivity 278
§ 77 Physical principles of semiconductor p~n junction devices 288 § 78 Fundamentals of integrated circuit electronics (microelectron­
ics) 299
9 Thermoeleletric and Galvanomagnetic Phenomena
§ 79 The Seebeck effect 302.
§ 80 The Peltier effect 307
§ 81 The Thomson effect 310
§ 82 Galvanomagnetic phenomena 310
§ 83 Practical applications of thermoelectric and galvanomag­netic phenomena 315
Appendices
I Derivation of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function 317
II Derivation of the Fermi-Dirac distribution function 318
III Derivation of the Bose-Einstein distribution function 320
IV Tables 321
Glossary of Symbols and Notations 322
Bibliography 326 Index 329
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Cybernetics Of Living Matter: Nature, Man, Information – Markov (Ed.)

Posted on December 26, 2018 by The Mitr

In this post, we will look at the book Cybernetics Of Living Matter: Nature, Man, Information edited by I. M. Markov.

Markov-Cybernetics-of-Living-Matter-Mir-1987.jpg

About the book:

The book has been written by a team of leading Soviet authorities in the field of cybernetics, among them Academicians Yu. Ovchinnikov, A. Baev, V. Afanasyev, P. Anokhin, A. Migdal, Yu. Gulyaev.

The contributors discuss the latest achievements in biology from the viewpoint of cybernetics, describe multiple functions that constitute living matter, the basis of brain reliability, the psychics modeling limits, and the mathematical methods in psychology. Also, they examine the problems relating to life and age, death and immortality, and the experimental ways of making life longer. The book will undoubtedly be of interest to all
those interested in or concerned with, cybernetics or allied fields.

The book was translated from the Russian by Vitaly Kisin and compiled by V. D. Pekelis and edited by I. M. Makarov.

The Internet Archive Link and here

Contents

Preface. Yu. A. Ovchinnikov 7

Note from the Compiler. V. D. Pekelis 10

I. Biology and Information 23

Biology Today 23

Basic Tendencies in Physico-Chemical Biology. Yu. A. Ovchin­nikov 23

Genetics, Evolution, and Theoretical Biology. N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky 33

Transition to Constructing Living Systems. A. A. Baev 41

Autowaves: An Interdisciplinary Finding. G. R. Ivanitskyt V. I. Krinsky, and 0. A. Mornev 52

Cybernetics’ Standpoint 75

Cybernetics Approach to Theoretical Biology. A. A. Lyapunov 75

Information Tneory and Evolution. M. V. Volkenshtein 83

Control Sciences and the Harvest. Yu. M. Svirezhev 94

II. The Complexity of Living Systems 105

Integrity of Life 105

On Systematic and Integral Nature of Man. V. G. Afanasyev 105

The Contribution of Psychology to Systems Research of Man. B. F. Lomov 115

Brain and Intelligence 127

Natural Intelligence versus Artificial Intelligence: The Phi­losophical View. P. K. Anokhin 127

On Reliability of the Brain. A. B. Kogan 142

Novel Aspects 154

Diurnal Rhythms and Adaptation. V. N. Reushkin 154

Searching Activity, Sleep, and Stability of the Organism. V. S. Rotenberg 183

On Man’s “Third State”. V. I. Klimova 195

III. Difficulties on the Road to Truth 203

Science and New Information 203

Road to Truth (on the scientific method of cognition. A. B. Migdal and E. V. Netesova 203

The Dynamics of New Truths in Biological Sciences. S. E. Shnol 217

On New Knowledge in Biological Studies. B. V. Biryukov 229

Criteria of Existence and Conflicting Situations in Science. D. I. Dubrovsky 237

New Horizons in Cognition 244

The Physical Fields of Biological Objects. Yu. V. Gulyaev and E. E. Godik 244

Man’s Magnetic Fields. V. L. Vvedensky and V. I. Ozhogin 225

Radio Freguency Emission of Human Body and Medical Diag­nostics. V. S. Troitsky 266

Several Problems in Psychology 276

The Psychology of Cognition and Cybernetics. B. M. Velich-kovsky 276

Subconsciousness and Superconsciousness. P. V. Simonov 292

The Principle of Active Operator in Engineering Psychology. B. F. Lomov 307

The Organism and Age 325

Ageing and Old Age. V. I. Klimova 325

Extension of Human Life: The Biological Dimension and Expe­rimentation. V. V. Frolkis and Kh. K. Muradyan 336

Overhaul of Man. V. D. Pekelis 352

About The Authors 361

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Cybernetics Today: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects – Makarov (Ed.)

Posted on December 26, 2018 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Cybernetics Today: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects edited by I. M. Makarov.

Markov-Cybernetics-Today-Mir-1984-fc.jpg

About the book

The book has been written by a team of leading Soviet authorities in the field of cybernetics, among them Academicians O. Belotserkovsky, V. Glushkov, B. Petrov, A. Kolmogorov, E. Velikhov. Approaching the subject from various points of view, the contributors examine the key problems of cybernetics, both theoretical and applied. In doing so, they draw upon a wide range of disciplines related to cybernetics in one way or another. Ample space is devoted to the economic aspects of informational technology, man-machine systems and interactions, and the prospects for cybernetics in the future, notably the creation of the artificial intellect novel for computers, and advanced robots. All this and more comes first-hand from men in the fore-front of present-day science. The book will undoubtedly be of interest to all those interested in, er concerned with, cybernetics or allied fields.

The book was translated from the Russian by Felix Palkin and Valerian Palkin and was compiled by V. D. Pekelis.

The Internet Archive Link and here

Preface. E-P. Velikhov 7

Note from the Compiler. V.D. Pekelis 10

From Discussions of Different Years 20

Automata and Life. A.N. Kolmogorov 20
Cybernetics Today. B.N. Petrov 41
Where Is Cybernetics Heading? M-G. Gaaze-Rapoport 54

The State of the Art 68
Cybernetics and Practice. O.M. Belotserkovsky 68
Ways of Developing Automation. I.A. Apokin 79
The Emergence of Computer Networks. E.A. Yakubaitis 95 The Robots in Present-Day Industry. I-M. Makarov 99

Artificial Intelligence: Pros and Cons 110

New Approach to Computer Application. G.S. Pospelov
Why Artificial Intelligence? M.M. Botvinnik 119
Occupation and Problem Oriented Intelligent Systems. B.A. Pospelov 120
Why Artificial Intelligence Is Impossible. A.F. Brushlinsky 123
Relative Capabilities of Natural and Artificial Intelligence. V.S. Tyukhtin 126
On the Capabilities of Artificial Intelligence. B.V. Biryukov 131

On Some Control Problems 138

Semiotic Models in Control Systems. D.A. Pospelov 138
Systems Analysis and Artificial Intelligence for Planning and Management. G.S. Pospelov 160
A New Branch of the Economy: Information Handling Indus­try. V.M. Glushkov and Yu. M. Kanygin 172

The Fine Arts and Cybernetics 182

Cybernetics and Culture. B.V. Biryukov and S.N. Plotnikov 182 Modelling in Music. R.Kh. Zaripov 210
Polemics and Its By-Products: About the “Machine Creative­ness” Controversy. I. Grekova 228

From a New Angle 253

Man-Machine Interaction. G.L. Smolyan 253
Man and Machine: The Limits to Computer Application.
V.M. Glushkov and Yu. M. Kanygin 266
Social Applications of Cybernetics. V.D. Pekelis 276

Foreseeing the Future 291

The Formula of a Collective Genius. V.D. Pekelis 291
How to Create an Artificial Brain. F.G. Staros 310
How to Create an Optical Brain. V.M. Zakharchenko and G.V. Skrotsky 318
The Cybernetic Double. I.M. Rosokhovatsky rand A.A. Stogny 328
Extraterrestrial Civilizations and Artificial Intelligence. I. S. Shklovsky 333
Cybernetics and the Computer: Some Predictions. V.D. Pekelis 355

About the Authors 363

 

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Sounds and Signs – Kondratov

Posted on December 26, 2018 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Sounds and Signs by A. Kondratov.

Kondratov-Sounds-and-Signs-Mir-1969.jpg

About the book

Over the ages man has wondered what language is, how it is constructed, how one’s mother tongue differs from the languages of other peoples, and how the language of human beings differs from the signal cries of animals, and how our everyday speech differs from other media of communication in human society.
Thinking on these problems gave birth to linguistics, the science of the laws of language. Methods of investigating language improved with the development of linguistics and the accumulation of facts and knowledge. Today the latest tool is in the form of numbers and exact measures. Mathematical statistics and the theory of information, probability theory and mathematical logic, computers and sign theory are more and more coming to the aid of students of language.
That is what our story is about.
The book was translated from the Russian by George Yankovsky and was first published by Mir in 1979.
Contents
Introduction 7
What Semiotics Has to Say 9
Languages and Codes 41
People, Things, Words 78
Numbers and Language 104
The Linguistic Clock 127
The Universal Code of Science 149
The Tower of Babel 173
Machine Translation 199
Sounds and Meaning 225
Space Linguistics 255
Subject Index  278
Name Index 283
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