Senior Physics 1 and 2

In this post, we will see the two volume book Senior Physics.

Volume 1 of the book was written by I. K. Kikoin and A. K. Kikoin, while Volume 2 was written by B. B. Bukhovtsev, Yu. L. Klimontovich and G. Ya. Myakishev.

About the books

The two books combined cover the most basic aspects of physics at school level. Using examples from daily life they explain various physical principles and laws. Part One of Senior Physics. This part deals mainly with mechanics. Starting with kinematics and statics we take a look at dynamical aspects of motion. The later part deal with various conservation laws in mechanics and their importance. Second part of Senior Physics. This part deals with thermodynamics, molecular physics and fundamentals of electrodynamics.

The books were translated from Russian by Natalia Wadhwa and were published in 1987 (Vol 1) and 1988 (Vol 2) by Mir Publishers.

PS. I had to spent a large amount of time and effort to get these books in their present state. The original scan was of very low resolution and insanely warped. To make the books readable I had to manually clean and fix each page separately and some needed pixel level editing. Though the results are ok (not satisfactory) they still have a very large file size both files are 100+ MB, the original is about 50MB. Till we get a better scan, hold onto these.

Credits to original uploader.

You can get the Volume 1 here (cleaned/optimised) and here (original).

You can get the Volume 2 here (cleaned/optimised) and here (original)..

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Contents

Volume 1

Mechanics

Introduction 9

Fundamentals of Kinematics

1. General Concepts of Motion Basic Problem of Mechanics 11
2. Nonuniform Rectilinear Motion Velocity May Change 39
3. Curvilinear Motion 59

Fundamentals of Dynamics

4. Laws of Motion 69
5. Forces in Nature 98
6. Application of the Laws of Dynamics 120
7. Fundamentals of Statics (Equilibrium of Bodies) 158

Conservation Laws in Mechanics

8. The Law of Conservation of Momentum 173
9. The Law of Conservation of Energy 184

On the Importance of Conservation Laws 220

Conclusion 222

Practical Work 230

Answers to Exercises 241

Index 243

Volume 2

Thermal Phenomena. Molecular Physics

Introduction 9

1. Fundamentals of Molecular Kinetic Theory 13
2. Temperature. Energy of Thermal Motion of Molecules 34
3. Equation of State for an Ideal Gas. Gas Laws 47
4. The First Law of Thermodynamics 58
5. Mutual Conversion of Liquids and Gases 81
6. Surface Tension in Liquids 91
7. Solids 99

Fundamentals of Electrodynamics. What is Electrodynamics? 12

8. Electrostatics 114
9. Direct Current 163
10. Electric Current in Various Media 186
11. Magnetic Field 220
12. Electromagnetic Induction 239

Conclusion 256
Practicals 257
Answers to Exercises 263

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Foma Gordeyev by Maxim Gorky

In this post, we will see the book Foma Gordeyev by Maxim Gorky.

About the book

“Foma Gordeyev is a big book—not only is the breadth of Russia in it, but the expanse of life. Yet, though in each land, in this world of marts and exchanges, this age of trade and traffic, passionate figures rise up and demand of life what its fever is, in ‘Foma Gordeyev’ is a Russian who so rises up and demands…

One lays the book down sick at heart—sick for life with all its ‘lyings and its lusts.’ But it is a healthy book. So fearful is its portrayal of social disease, so ruthless its stripping of the painted charms from vice, that its tendency cannot but be strongly for good. It is a goad, to prick sleeping human consciences awake and drive them into the battle for humanity.” — Jack London

The book was translated from Russian by Margaret Wettlin with illustrations by Kukrynisky. The book was published as a part of Library of Selected Soviet Literature series in 1950 by Foreign Languages Publishing House.

Credits to original uploader.

You can get the book here.

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Electrical Machines (Volumes 1 & 2) – Ivanov-Smolensky

In this post, we will see the two volume set (out of three) Electrical Machines by A. Ivanov-Smolensky.

About the book

The book is in three volumes as fol­lows.
Volume I: Preface. Introduction. Transformers. A General Theory of Electrical Machines.
Volume II: Classification of Electrical Machines. Mechanical, Hydraulic and Thermal Analysis and Design. Induction Machi­nes. Synchronous Machines.
Volume III: D.C. and Commutator Machines. Tran­sients in Electrical Machines.
The book is intended for college and university students majoring in elec­trical-machine theory and design. It will also be useful to electrical power engineers.

The subject matter in the text is presented in the sequence
traditionally followed in the Soviet Union. It starts with
transformers, passes on to induction and synchronous
machines, d.c. machines, and concludes with a.c. commutator machines. Separate chapters are devoted to a general
theory of electrical machines, machine design and engineerIng, and transients in electrical machinery.

The electromagnetic processes that take place in electrical
machines are examined from the view-point of electro-
mechanical and mechanoelectrical energy conversion. With
such an approach, it has been possible to extend the mathematics used to both conventional and any other conceivable types of electrical machines.

In addition to electromagnetic processes, consideration
is given to the thermal, aerodynamic, hydraulic and mechanical processes associated with electromechanical and
mechanoelectric energy conversion.

In view of the importance attached to the above accompanying processes, the text discusses general aspects of
machine design and engineering.

Unfortunately we do not have Volume 3, if anyone has access to it, please post links.

The book was translated from Russian by Boris V Kuznetsov and was published in 1982 by Mir Publishers.

Credits to original uploader.

You can get the Vol. 1 here (cleaned/optimised) and here (original scan/100+MB).

You can get the Vol. 2 here (cleaned/optimised) and here (original scan/100+MB)..

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Contents

VOLUME 1

Preface 11

PART 1 TRANSFORMERS

Chapter 1 An Outline of Transformers 7

Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Processes in the Transformer at No-Load 43

Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Processes in the Transformer on
Load 56

Chapter 4 Transformation of Three-Phase Currents and Voltages 79

Chapter 5 Measurement of Transformer Quantities 99

Chapter 6 Transformer Performance on Load 106

Chapter 7 Tap Changing 113

Chapter 8 Calculation of Transformer Parameters 117

Chapter 9 Relationship Between Transformer Quantities and Dimensions 121

Chapter 10 Multiwinding Transformers. Autotransformers 125

Chapter 11 Transformers in Parallel 138

Chapter 12 Three-Phase Transformers Under Unbalanced Load 145

Chapter 13 Transients in Transformers 164

Chapter 14 Overvoltage Transients in Transformers 171

Chapter 15 Special-Purpose Transformers 177

Chapter 16 Heating and Cooling of Transformers 184

Chapter 17 Transformers of Soviet Manufacture 189

PART 2 A GENERAL THEORY OF ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION BY ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Chapter 18 Electromechanical Processes in Electrical Machines 192

Chapter 19 Production of a Periodically Varying Magnetic Field in Electrical Machines 201

Chapter 20 Basic Machine Designs 207

Chapter 21 Conditions for Unidirectional Energy Conversion by Electrical Machines 227

Chapter 22 Windings for A.C. Machines 235

Chapter 23 Calculation of the Magnetic Field in an Electrical Machine 257

Chapter 24 The Mutual Magnetic Field of a Phase Winding and Its Elements 267

Chapter 25 The Mutual Magnetic Field of a Polyphase Winding 288

Chapter 26 The Magnetic Field of a Rotating Field Winding 316

Chapter 27 Flux Linkages of and EMFs Induced by Rotating Fields 323

Chapter 28 The Inductances of Polyphase Windings 341

Chapter 29 The Electromagnetic Torque 357

Chapter 30 Energy Conversion by a Rotating Magnetic Field 372

Chapter 31 Energy Conversion Losses and Efficiency 379

Bibliography 397

Index 399

VOLUME 2

PART 3 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES. MECHANICAL, HYDRAULIC
AND THERMAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Chapter 32 Basic Construction of Electrical Machines 44

Chapter 33 Construction Types of Electrical Machines 17

Chapter 34 Mechanical Design of Electrical Machines 25

Chapter 35 Thermal Analysis of the Cooling System 32

Chapter 36 Hydraulic Analysis and Design of the Cooling
System 41

Chapter 37 The Size of an Electrical Machine 47

PART 4 INDUCTION MACHINES

Chapter 38 A General Outline of Induction Machines 53

Chapter 39 Construction of Induction Machines 57

Chapter 40 Electromagnetic Processes in the Electric and Magnetic Circuits of an Induction Machine at No-Load 64

Chapter 41 Electromagnetic Processes in Induction Machines on Load 73

Chapter 42 Application of Transformer Theory to the Induction Machine 91

Chapter 43 Analytical and Graphical Determination of Electromechanical Characteristics of Induction Machines 103

Chapter 44 Starting of Induction Motors 134

Chapter 45 Steady-State Performance of Induction Motors.
Speed Control 139

Chapter 46 Unbalanced Operation of Induction Machines 155

Chapter 47 Single-Phase Induction Motors 163

Chapter 48 Special-Purpose Induction Machines 179

Chapter 49 Induction Machines for Automatic Control Applications 195

Chapter 50 Practical Induction Motors 207

PART 5 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Chapter 51 A General Outline of Synchronous Machines 210

Chapter 52 Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines 230

Chapter 53 Electromagnetic Processes in a Synchronous Machine 236

Chapter 54 MMF, Magnetic Field, EMF and Parameters of the
Armature Winding 254

Chapter 55 Electromagnetic Processes in a Synchronous Machine on Load 271

Chapter 56 Energy Conversion by a Synchronous Machine 293

Chapter 57 Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator Supplying an Isolated Load 301

Chapter 58 Parallel Operation of Synchronous Machines 323

Chapter 59 Synchronization Methods 358

Chapter 60 Instability of Synchronous Machines in Parallel Operation 376

Chapter 61 Unbalanced Operation of Synchronous Machines 387

Chapter 62 Synchronous Machines of Soviet Manufacture 405

Chapter 63 Special-Purpose Synchronous Machines 424

Bibliography 459
Index 462

 

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பொதுநிலப் பொதியியல் (General Geology) – ஓ. லாஞ்ச் (O. Lange); எம். இவனோவா (M. Ivanova); என். லெபிதெவா (N. Lebedeva)

In this post, we will see the book பொதுநிலப் பொதியியல் (General Geology) by ஓ. லாஞ்ச் (O. Lange); எம். இவனோவா (M. Ivanova); என். லெபிதெவா (N. Lebedeva).

About the book

The book is a comprehensive introduction to geology.

The book was translated from Russian to Tamil by M.S. Anand was published by Tamilnadu Textbook Society.

Original scan by Digital Library of India.

You can get the book here (cleaned/optimised) and here (original scan 525+MB).

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PS: It would be helpful if someone can check if the posted contents are correct,

Contents

‘பொருளட்க்கம்‌

பக்கம்‌
அறிமுகம்‌ க 1
புவியின்‌ பிறப்பு, அதன்‌ பெளதிக, வேதியத்‌ தன்மைகள்‌ … 7
கோளவெளியில்‌.புவி , கச 7
புவியின்‌ உருவம்‌, பெளதிகக்‌ குண்க்கள்‌ வேலயியல்‌
கூட்டு … 16
புவியின்‌ வெளிப்‌ புவிக்கோள மண்டலங்கள்‌ 30
காற்று மண்டலம்‌ 30
நீர்‌ மண்டலம்‌ 44
உயிர்‌ மண்டலம்‌ : 58
கல்‌ மண்டலம்‌ 63
ணிற்ங்ககாலப்ல்‌ றிய பொதுத்‌ தகவல்கள்‌ 65
பாறைகளைப்பற்றிய பொதுவான தகவல்கள்‌ 103
்‌ புறத்தோற்றச்‌ செயல்முறைகள்‌ 134
பன்ற வலியச்‌ 134
காற்றின்‌ நிலப்பொ தியியல்‌ இயக்கம்‌ ப …. 149
மேற்பரப்பில்‌ ஓடும்‌ நீரின்‌ நிலப்பொ தியியல்‌
இயக்கம்‌ 162
நிலநீரின்‌ நிலப்பொதியியல்‌ இயக்கம்‌ …. 185
வெண்பனி, பனிக்கட்டி ஆகியவற்றின்‌ நிலப்‌
பொதியியல்‌ இயக்கம்‌ 209
கடலின்‌ நிலப்பொதியியல்‌ இயக்கம்‌ 5

ஏரிகள்‌, சதுப்பு நிலங்களின்‌ நிலப்பொதியியல்‌ வேலை … 240
மனிதனின்‌ நிலப்பொதியியல்‌ வேலை. 245.

இருமாற்ற ஆக்கம்‌ ௨247

உள்ளாக்கச்‌ செயல்முறைகள்‌
தழலியற்‌ செயல்மை
நுழைவுத்‌ தணலியற்‌ செயல்‌
வெளி உமிழ்வுத்‌ தணலியல்‌ அல்லது எரிமலை
இயக்கம்‌
புவிப்பொருக்கின்‌ புடைபெயர்ச்சி
– நில அதிர்ச்சிகள்‌ ன்‌
கண்ட வளர்ச்சிவயப்‌ புடைபெயர்ச்சி
நில மடிப்பும்‌ முறிவும்‌
பாறை மாற்றியல்‌

 

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Theory Of Markov Processes – Dynkin

In this post, we will see the book Theory Of Markov Processes by E. B. Dynkin.

About the book

The present book aims at investigating the logical foundations of the theory of Markov random processes.
The theory of Markov processes has developed rapidly in recent years, The properties o£ the trajectories of such processes and their infinitesimal operators have been studied, and intimate connexions have been discovered
between the behaviour of the trajectories and the properties of the differential equations corresponding to the process. These connexions are useful for studying differential equations as well as Markov processes. The material thus accumulated has made necessary a critical survey of the fundamentals of the theory. In particular, the usual statement o£ the Markov principle of “absence of after-effects” has been found to be inadequate and various authors have proposed different forms for a strengthened principle whereby a process is “strictly Markov.” It has become obvious that the most natural subject for study is presented by Markov processes cut of£ at a random instant. All these and other ideas were originally introduced by different authors in different forms, according to the specific purposes of their specialized works – in which stationary Markov processes are considered almost exclusively,

This book cannot be used by the student to make his first acquaintance with the theory of Markov processes. Although we have not assumed formally any previous acquaintance with the theory of probability, in fact a reading of the book can only prove of value to someone already acquainted with an elementary exposition of the theory of Markov processes, such as is contained, for instance, in Feller’s “Introduction to probability theory and its applications,” Vol. 1 (Vvedenie v teoriyu veroyatnostei i ee prilozheniya), or Gnedenko’s “Course of probability theory” (Kurs teorii veroyatnostei).

The present work is closely allied to a monograph now in the press entitled “Infinitesimal operators of Markov processes” (Infinitezimalnye operatory markovskikh protsessov), which is devoted to the task of classifying Markov processes. The two works should be regarded as the two parts of a single monograph on the theory of Markov processes.

The present material comes from a series of papers and special courses given by the author at Moscow and Pekin universities. The author is grateful to his audience for a number of observations which he made use of during the final preparation of the manuscript.

The book was translated from Russian by D. E. Brown and edited by T. Kovary. The book was published in 1961.

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Contents

Preface vii

Chapter 1 – Introduction 1

1. Measurable spaces and measurable sets 1
2. Measures and integrals 7
3. Conditional probabilities and mathematical expectations 10
4. Topological measurable spaces 16
5. The construction of probability measures 2

Chapter 2 – Markov Processes 25

1. The definition of Markov process 25
2. Stationary Markov processes 35
3. Equivalent Markov processes 42

Chapter 3 – Subprocesses 53

1. The definition of subprocess. The connexion between subprocesses and multiplicative functionals 53
2. Subprocesses corresponding to admissible subsets, The generation of a part of a process 68
3. Subprocesses corresponding to admissible systems of subsets 73
4. The integral type of multiplicative functionals and the corresponding subprocesses 80
5. Stationary subprocesses of stationary Markov processes 83

Chapter 4 – The Construction of Markov Processes with Given Transition Functions 96

1. Definition of transition function, Examples 96
2. The construction of Markov processes with given transition function 99
3. Stationary transition functions and the corresponding stationary Markov processes 101

Chapter 5 – Strictly Markov Processes 103

1. Random variables independent of the future and s-past, Lemmas on measurability 103
2. Definition of strictly Markov process 108
3. Stationary strictly Markov processes 118
4. Weakening the form of the condition for processes continuous from the right to be strictly Markov 124
5. Strictly Markov subprocesses 128
6. Criteria for a process to be strictly Markov 134

Chapter 6 – Conditions for Boundedness and Continuity of a Markov ProceSS 142

1. Introduction 142
2. Conditions for boundedness 145
3. Conditions for continuity from the right and absence of discontinuities of the second kind 149
4. dJump-type and step processes 159
5. Continuity conditions 161
6. A continuity theorem for strictly Markov processes 167
7. Examples 170

Addendum – A Theorem Regarding the Prolongation of Capacities, and the Properties of Measurability of the Instants of First Departure 174
1. A theorem regarding the extension of capacities 174
2. Measurability theorems for the instants of first departure 183

Supplementary Notes 196
References 202
Alphabetical Index 204
Index of Lemmas and Theorems 207
Index of Notation 209

 

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Problems Of Cosmogony – Ambartsumyan et al.

In this post, we will see the book Problems Of Cosmogony Vol VIII
by V. A. Ambartsumyan et al.

 

About the book

This book is a selection of Papers, Delivered at Conference on Extragalactic Astronomy, Moscow, June 1961. The papers are on varied topics such as galactic astronomy, its origins, planets and the moon.

The book was translated from Russian by was published in  by Publishers.

Credits to original uploader.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

 

 

V. A. Ambartsumyan. Problems of Extragalactic Research 2

B. A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov. On Some Aspects of Ambartsumyan’s Hypothesis on the Origin of Galaxies 27

Yu. P. Pskovskiy. Investigation of Distances, Motions and Distribution of Galaxies in a Sphere with a Radius of 15 Megaparsecs 32

N. S. Kardashev. The Interaction of the Gaseous Components
of Galaxies and Radio Galaxies with an Intergalactic Medium 48

A. Ya. Kipper. On the Gravitational Paradox 63

Articles and Surveys (Reviews)

E. A. Lubimova. Concerning the Sources of the Inner Heat
of the Earth 111

B. Yu. Levin and Ye. L. Ruskol. Review of Contemporary
Data Concerning the Moon 127

S. V. Kozlovskaya. On the Problem of the Moon’s Inner Structure 170

V. S. Safronov. On the Problem of the Rotation of Planets 177

V. S. Safronov. On the Dispersion of Velocities in Rotating Systems Gravitating Bodies with Inelastic Collisions 198

R. Ye. Gershberg. A Brief Review of Research on Morphological Characteristics of Diffuse Nebulae 212

V. I. Pronik. Electron Temperature of Gaseous Nebulae and
Methods of its Determination 228

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Theory Of Anisotropic Shells – Ambartsumyan

In this post, we will see the book Theory Of Anisotropic Shells by V. A. Ambartsumyan.

About the book

Shells are widely used as structural elements in modem construction engineering, aircraft construction, shipbuilding, rocket construction, etc. A careful study of the shells used in engineering leads to the conclusion that they are most often anisotropic (naturally or structurally) and in many cases are anisotropic and laminar.

Despite the large number of articles appearing in journals, there is as yet not one book devoted to the theory of anisotropic laminar shells. In the present book the author partially fills this gap. The text is based on the author’s investigations over the last few years. It consists of the following divisions: (a) fundamental equations of the theory of elasticity of an anisotropic body in curvilinear coordinates; (b) general theory of anisotropic laminar shells; (c) membrane theory of anisotropic shells; (d) theory of symmetrically loaded anisotropic shells of revolution; (e) anisotropic cylindrical shells; (f) shallow anisotropic shells; (g) new theories of aniso­tropic shells and plates.

The book does not deal with the undeniably important problems of non­ linear theory, the theories of stability and vibration, as well as temperature problems of anisotropic laminar shells. Nor does it deal with problems associ­ated with plastic and elastic-plastic deformations of the material of the shell layers, since these problems have not been adequately investigated.
Within each chapter the formulas have a two-part enumeration. Where reference is made to the formulas of preceding chapters a three-part enumer­ation is used (the first digit referring to the chapter).

The book was translated from Russian by was published under NASA Technical Translation series.

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Contents

CHAPTER I
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF THE THEORY OF ELASTICITY OF AN ANISOTROPIC BODY IN CURVILINEAR COORDINATES

Section 1. Some Remarks on Curvilinear Coordinates in Space 1
Section 2. Deformation Components and Differential Equations of Equilibrium in the Triorthogonal System of Curvilinear Coordinates 4
Section 3. Curvilinear Anisotropy. Generalized Hooke’s Law 7
Section 4. Transformation of Elastic Constants with Rotation of the Coordinate System 12
Section 5. Elastic Constants for Certain Anisotropic Materials 14

CHAPTER II
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF THE THEORY OF SHELLS CONSISTING OF AN ARBITRARY NUMBER OF ANISOTROPIC LAYERS

Section 1. Basic Concepts, Initial Relationships and Hypotheses 18
Section 2. Displacements and Deformations 22
Section 3. Equations of Continuity of Deformations of the Coordinate
Surface 25
Section 4. Stressesin Layers 26
Section 5. Conditions of Contact of Adjacent Layers 28
Section 6. Internal Forces and Moments 29
Section 7. Equilibrium Equations 31
Section 8. Potential Energy of Deformation 33
Section 9. Elasticity Relationships 35
Section 10. Boundary Conditions 38
Section 11. Additional Remarks Concerning the Conditions of Contact
of Adjacent Layers and the Conditions at the Outer Surfaces of a Shell 40
Section 12. Special Cases of Anisotropy of the Material of the Shell Layers 43
Section 13. Shells Consisting of an Odd Number of Layers Symmetrically Arranged Relative in the Coordinate Surface 45
Section 14. Single-Layer Anisotropic Shells 50
Section 15. Further Remarks Concerning Elasticity Relationships 55
Section 16. Calculation of Stiffnesses for Arbitrary Directions 58

CHAPTER III
MEMBRANE THEORY OF ANISOTROPIC SHELLS

Section 1. General I’remises and Initial Relationships in the Membrane Theory of Single-Layer Isotropic Shells 61
Section 2. Boundary Conditions 64
Section 3. Area of Applicability of the Membrane Theory 65
Section 4. Fundamental Equations of the Membrane Theory of Symmetrically loaded Shells of Revolution 66
Section 5. Examples of Calculation of Symmetrically Loaded Shells
Of Revolution 73
Section 6. Evaluation of Results Obtained in the Preceding Section 86
Section 7. Continuation of Section 5 87
Section 8. An Arbitrarily Loaded Cylindrical Shell of Arbitrary Shape 95
Section 9. Some Remarks Concerning the Membrane Theory of Anisotropic Laminar Shells 104

CHAPTER IV
SYMMETRICALLY LOADED ANISOTROPIC SHELLS OF REVOLUTION

Section 1. Basic Premises. Initial Relationships and Equations 109
Section 2. Equations of Solution and Design Formulas 113
Section 3. Shells of Revolution Consisting of an Odd Number of Layers Symmetrically Arranged Relative to the Median Surface of the Shell 117
Section 4. Single-Layer Shells of Revolution 120
Section 5. Reduction of the System of Equations in (3.16) and
(3.17) to a Single Equation. A Particular Solution of the
Inhomogeneous Equation 121
Section 6. Asymptotic Integration of the Equation of Solution (5.9) 124
Section 7. Internal Forces, Moments, Stresses and Displacements 132
Section 8. Edge Effect in Anisotropic Shell 136
Section 9. Long Shells of Revolution 26 139
Section 10. Examples of Calculation of Long Shells of Revolution 143
Section 11. Solution of a Few Problems of Shells of Revolution of Zere Gaussian Curvature Consisting of an Arbitrary Number of Layers 166
Section 12. Anisotropic Cylindrical Shells of Revolution Reinforced
by Lateral Ribs 177

CHAPTER V
ANISOTROPIC CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Section 1. Basic Premises. Initial Relationships and Equations 195
Section 2. System of Differential Equations of Solution in Displacements 198
Section 3. Cylindrical Shells Consisting of an Arbitrary Number of Orthotropic Layers 201
Section 4. Engineering Theory of Cylindrical Shells Consisting of an Arbitrary Number of Anisotropic Layers 208
Section 5. Continuation of Section 4. 214
Section 6. Cylindrical Shells Consisting of an Odd Number of Homogeneous Anisotropic Layers Symmetrically Arranged Relative to the Median Surface 224
Section 7. Engineering Theory of Cylindrical Shells Consisting of an Odd Number of Homogeneous Anisotropic Layers Symmetrically Arranged Relative to the Median Surface 228
Section 8. Continuation of Section 7. 232
Section 9. Integration of the Equations of Engineering Theory of a Cylindrical Sne!l by the Method of Double Trigonometric Series 240
Section 10. Integration of Equations in the Engineering Theory of Cylindrical Shells by the Method of Single Trigonometric 265

CHAPTER VI
SHALLOW ANISOTROPIC SHELLS

Section 1. Basic Premises. Initial Relationships and Equations 277
Section 2. Equations of Solution and Design Formulas 280
Section 3. Shells Consisting of an Odd Number of Homogeneous Anisotropic Layers Symmetrically Arranged Relative to the Median Surface 285
Section 4. Extremely Shallow Shells. Basic Premises, Initial Relationships and Equations 288
Section 5. Equations of Solution and Design Formulas in the Theory of Extremely Shallow Shells Consisting of an Arbitrary Number of Anisotropic Layers 292
Section 6. Equations of Solution and Design Formulas in the Theory of Extremely Shallow Shells Consisting of an Odd Number of Homogeneous Anisotropic Layers Symmetrically Arranged Relative to the Median Surface 300
Section 7. Integration of the Equations of Solution in the Theory of Extremely Shallow Orthotropic Shells 306

CHAPTER VII
NEW THEORIES OF ANISOTROPIC SHELLS AND PLATES

Section 1. Basic Premises and Hypotheses 315
Section 2. Theory of Orthotropic Plates 316
Section 3. Theory of Bending of a Plate Possessing Cylindrical Anisotropy 328
Section 4. Approximate Theory of an Anisotropic Plate Considering Transverse Shear 332
Section 5. Another Approximate Theory of Anisotropic Plates 336
Section 6. Examples of Plate Calculations 342
Section 7. Theory of Extremely Shallow Anisotropic Shells 358
Section 8. Approximate Theory of an Extremely Shallow Shell Considering Transverse Shear 365
Section 9. Another Approximate Theory for an Extremely Shallow Shell 368
Section 10. Example of Calculation of a Shell 372
Section 11. Theory of Extremely Shallow Laminar Orthotropic Shells. 376
Section 12. Examples of Calculation of Laminar Shells and Plates 386

 

 

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Thermodynamics – Bazarov

In this post, we will see the book Thermodynamics by I. P. Bazarov.

 

About the book

This book is the first part of a course on “Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics” held at present in physical and physico-mathematical faculties of our universities. In comparison with existing courses of thermodynamics the book has the following distinctive features:

1. Greater attention than in other books is devoted to a discussion of the initial propositions of thermodynamics, which enables us to establish both the limitations of thermodynamics and its organic connexion with statistical physics.

2. The content of the second law of thermodynamics is analysed
logically and with greater consistency, by taking into account the existence of negative absolute temperatures.

3. The methods of thermodynamics are considered and discussed in detail.

4. The theory of critical phenomena is expounded according to
Gibbs, which enables us to establish the connexion of these phenomena with phase transitions of the second kind.

5. The thermodynamics of systems with negative absolute temperatures is treated.

6. The fundamentals of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes are given.

7. The large number of problems included in the book form an integral part of the course. Many are devoted to certain additional questions that are not always treated in the course and do not enter in the main text of the book. For these reasons the solutions of the problems are set out in as much detail as possible.

The book was translated from Russian by F. Immirzi and translation edited by A.E.J. Hayes. The book was published in 1964.

Credits to original uploader.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

Preface ix
Introduction x

Chapter I: Basic concepts and initial propositions of thermodynamics 1

§ 1 Thermodynamic system and thermodynamic parameters. Thermodynamic equilibrium from the molecular viewpoint 1
§ 2 Initial propositions of thermodynamics and their discussion 4
§ 3 Quasi-static and non-static processes 9
§ 4 The internal energy of a system. Work and heat 10
§ 5 Thermic and caloric equations of state 16
Problems 20

Chapter II: Fundamental laws and equations of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics 22

§6 The equation of the first law of thermodynamics 23
§7 Thermic and caloric properties. Thermal capacities and latent heats. Connexion between thermal capacities 26
§8 Fundamental thermodynamic processes and their equations 30
§9 The connexion between elasticity coefficients and thermal capacities 33
§ 10 Hess’s rule. Thermochemical equations 35

Problems 36

Chapter III: The second law of thermodynamics 38

§ 11 General features and initial formulation of the second law 38
§ 12 Reversible and irreversible processes 43
§ 13 The second law of thermodynamics for quasi-static processes. Entropy and absolute temperature 45
§ 14 Mathematical justification for the existence of entropy and absolute temperature 47
$ 15 The fundamental equation of thermodynamics for quasi-static processes. The evaluation of entropy 58
§ 16 The second law of thermodynamics for non-static processes 62
§ 17 Connexion between the thermic and caloric equations of state 65
§ 18 The efficiency of heat-engines. Carnot’s cycle and Carnot’s theorem. Types of heat-engines 69
§ 19 Spontaneous flow of heat 73
§ 20 Limits of applicability of the second law. The “theory” of the thermal death of the universe 74

Problems 78

Chapter IV: Methods of thermodynamics 84

§ 21 The method of cyclical processes 84
§ 22 The method of thermodynamic potentials 86

Problems 99

Chapter V: Certain applications of thermodynamics 100

§ 23 The Gibbs-Helmholtz equation and its application to a galvanic cell 100
§ 24 The cooling of gas in reversible and irreversible adiabatic expansion. The Joule-Thomson effect. Kapitsa’s turbo-cooler 103
§ 25 The thermodynamics of dielectrics and magnetic substances 108
§ 26 Radiation thermodynamics 117
§ 27 Thermodynamics of plasma 127
§ 28 The thermodynamics of systems with a variable number of particles 131

Problems 134

Chapter VI: Conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium and their application 136

§ 29 Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Phases and components 136
§ 30 General conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium 138
§ 31 Stability conditions for the equilibrium of a homogeneous system 145
§ 32 Equilibrium in a homogeneous system 149
§ 33 Equilibrium in a heterogeneous system 152

Problems 158

Chapter VII: Surface phenomena 161

§ 34 Surface tension and surface pressure 162
§ 35 Equilibrium form of a crystal. Wulf’s theorem 164
§ 36 The role of surface tension in the formation of a new phase. Initial stages 166
§ 37 Gibbs’ equation for adsorption. Surface-active substances 169

Problems 171

Chapter VIII: Phase transformations and critical phenomena 172

§ 38 Phase transitions of the first kind. Clapeyron-Clausius equation 174
§ 39 Phase transitions of the second kind. Ehrenfest’s equation 178
§ 40 The theory of phase transitions of the second kind 182
§ 41 Critical phenomena 185

Problems 192

Chapter IX: Nernst’s heat theorem 194

§ 42 Nernst’s theorem 194
§ 43 Corollaries of Nernst’s theorem 197

Problems 201

Chapter X: Negative absolute temperatures 202

§ 44 The possibility of the existence of states with a negative absolute temperature 202
§ 45 A system with negative absolute temperature 204
§ 46 The thermodynamics of systems at negative absolute temperatures 208
§ 47 Stability of the state of a system at negative absolute temperature 214

Chapter XI: Fundamentals of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes 216

§ 48 The fundamental propositions of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes 216
§ 49 Thermoelectrical phenomena 222

Problem 227

Solutions to problems 228

Index 283

 

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History Of The Ancient World – Korovkin

In this post, we will see the book History Of The Ancient World by F. Korovkin

About the book

 Fyodor Korovkin is a Doctor of History. His textbook, History of the Ancient World, was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1973 and has run into over twenty editions. It provides information on the history of the ancient states in Me­sopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. The book includes the history of ancient Greece and Rome up to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. Several chapters deal with reli­gious views, art, and culture of the peoples of the ancient world.

The book was translated from Russian by Serger Sossinsky and designed by Leonid Shkanov. The book was published in 1985 by Progress Publishers.

Credits to the original uploaders

You can get the book here (cleaned and optimised) and here (original scan).

There is a Swahili and Bangla version available. I was aware of translations of Soviet books to African languages but this is the first time I am seeing one.

Swahili version here (cleaned and optimised) and here (original scan).

Bangla version here (DLI copy)

And we have a Hindi version as well, which is not yet digitised. This book might have other translations as well, please do comment if you know of any.

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Contents

About the History of the Ancient World 7
How to Work with the Textbook 10

THE LIFE OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLE

CHAPTER I. PRIMEVAL GATHERERS AND HUNTERS 12

§ 1. What Ancient People Were Like and How They Lived 12
§ 2. Communities of Hunters 14
§ 3. The Rise of Art and Religious Beliefs 18

CHAPTER II. PRIMITIVE LAND TILLERS AND LIVESTOCK BREEDERS 21

§ 4. The Beginning of Livestock age and Land Tillage 21
§ 5. The Rise of Inequality among People 24

CHRONOLOGY IN HISTORY 30

THE ANCIENT EAST

CHAPTER III. ANCIENT EGYPT

§ 6. The Nature of Ancient Egypt and the Activities of Its Inhabitants
§ 7. The Emergence of Classes in Egypt
§ 8. The Rise of the State in Ancient Egypt
§ 9. Government and the Struggle of Classes in Egypt
§ 10. The Peak and Decline of the Egyptian State
§ 11. Religion in Ancient Egypt
§ 12. Incipient Scientific Knowledge and the Appearance of Writing in Ancient Egypt
§ 13. The Arts in Ancient Egypt

CHAPTER IV. ASIA MINOR IN ANCIENT TIMES 62

§ 14. The Emergence of Classes in Mesopotamia 62
§ 15. The Earliest States in Mesopotamia and the Babylon Kingdom 66
§ 16. Asia Minor in the First Half of the 1st Millennium BC 69
§ 17. The Culture of the Peoples Inhabiting Asia Minor in Ancient Times 73

CHAPTER V. ANCIENT INDIA 79

§ 18. India in the 3rd-Early Ist Millennium BC 79
§ 19. The Rise and Development of Slave-Owning States in India in the 1st Millennium BC 82
§ 20.Culture in Ancient India 84
§ 21. Sri Lanka in Ancient Times 88

CHAPTER VII. ANCIENT CHINA 92

 

§ 22. The Formation of the Chinese State 92
§ 23. Popular Uprisings in China 95
§ 24. Culture in Ancient China 99

ANCIENT GREECE

CHAPTER VIII. GREECE IN THE EARLIEST TIMES 106

§ 25. The Nature and Population of Ancient Greece 106
§ 26. The Myths of Ancient Greece 108
§ 27. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey 112
§ 28. The Occupations of the Greeks and the Emergence of Classes in the 11th-9th Century BC 117
§ 29. Religion of the Ancient Greeks 120

CHAPTER VIII. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SLAVE-OWNING SYSTEM AND THE RISE OF THE CITY-STATES IN THE 8TH-6TH CENTURY BC 126

§ 31-32.Formation of the Athens Slave-Owning State 126
Athens Under the Aristocrats’ Rule in the 8th-7th Century BC 126
The Victory of the Demos and the Strengthening of the State in Athens 130
§ 32. The Spartan Slave-Owning State in the 8th-6th Century BC
§ 33. The Rise of the City-States in Greece and on the Shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas

CHAPTER IX. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SLAVERY IN GREECE AND THE RISE OF ATHENS IN THE 5TH CENTURY BC 141

§ 34. The Greco-Persian Wars 141
§ 35. Slavery in Greece in the 5th Century BC 147
§ 36. The Power and Wealth of Athens in the Middle of the 5th Century BC 151
§ 37. The Athenian Slave-Owning Democracy 153

CHAPTER X. THE FLOURISHING OF CULTURE IN GREECE IN THE 5th-4th CENTURY BC 157

§ 38. Writing and the School. The Olympic Games 157
§ 39. Ancient Greek Theatre 160
§ 40. Architecture, Sculpture and Painting in Ancient Greece in the 5th Century BC 164
§ 41. Science in Ancient Greece 170

CHAPTER XI. THE RISE OF GRECO-MACEDONIAN STATES IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 173

§ 42. The Decline of Greece and Its Subjection by Macedonia in the 4th Century BC 173
§ 43. The Rise and Fall of the Empire of Alexander the Great 176
§ 44. The Economy and Culture in he Eastern Mediterranean at the End of the 4th-2nd Century BC 179

 

ANCIENT ROME

CHAPTER XII. THE EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC AND ITS CONQUEST OF ITALY 188

§ 45. The Earliest Rome and the Establishment of a Republic in It 188
§ 46. The Roman Aristocratic Republic in the Middle of the 3rd Century BC 192

CHAPTER XIII. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC BECOMES THE STRONGEST SLAVE-OWNING POWER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN 196

§ 47. The Struggle Between Rome and Carthage for Domination in the Western Mediterranean 196
§ 48. Roman Conquests of Second Century BC 200
§ 49. Slave-Owning in Rome in the 2nd-1st Century BC 204
§ 50. The Ruining of the Peasants in Italy and Their Struggle for land 207
§ 51. The Slave uprising Headed by Spartacus 210

CHAPTER XIV. THE FALL OF THE REPUBLIC IN ROME. THE ROMAN EMPIRE AT THE PEAK OF ITS POWER 214

§ 52. Caesar Seizes Power in Rome 214
§ 53. The Roman Empire Under Octavian Augustus and His Successors 217

 

CHAPTER XV. CULTURE AND DAILY LIFE IN ROME AT THE END OF THE
REPUBLIC AND THE BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE 222

§ 54. The arts in Ancient Rome 222
§ 55. The City of Rome ne the Empire 225

CHAPTER XVI. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 231

§ 56. The Beginning of the Decline of the Slave-Owning Economy at the End of the 2nd-3rd Century AD 231
§ 57. The Weakening of the Empire in the 3rd Century and Its Strengthening Under Emperor Diocletian 233
§ 58. The Rise of Christianity 236
§ 59. Further Deterioration of the Situation in the Empire in the 4th Century 237
§ 60. The Fall of the Western Roman Empire 240

Check How You Have Learned the Most Important Things in the History of the Ancient World 245

CONCLUSION 247

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The Wold Chess Crown Challenge Kasparov V. Kaprov Seville 87 – Bronstein

In this post, we will see the book The Wold Chess Crown Challenge Kasparov V. Kaprov Seville 87 by David Bronstein.

About the book

The games of Kasparov-Karpov match are annotated by International Grandmaster David Bronstein who was challenger for the World title in 1950s; he reached a draw with Mikhail Botvinnik in the match for the world chess crown. Over recent years Bronstein has rarely appeared in tournaments but has established himself as an outstanding chess commentator and analyst. He is the author of many original books on the subject of chess and his annotations are easy to follow for chess fans of all levels.

The book was translated from Russian by Oleg Zilbert was published in 1988 by Raduga Publishers.

All credits to our old friend gnv64

You can get the book here and here.

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Contents

GAME ONE. Gruenfeld Defence 7
GAME TWO. English Opening 10
GAME THREE. Gruenfeld Defence 18
GAME FOUR. English Opening. 21
GAME FIVE. Gruenfeld Defence 26
GAME S1X. English Opening. 31
GAME SEVEN. Gruenfeld Defence 35
GAME EIGHT. English Opening 44
GAME NINE. Gruenfeld Defence 50
GAME TEN. Caro-Kann Defence 56
GAME ELEVEN. Gruenfeld Defence 59
GAME TWELVE. Queen’s Gambit Declined 64
GAME THIRTEEN. Gruenfeld Defence. 67
GAME FOURTEEN. Caro-Kann Defence 89
GAME FIFTEEN. Gruenfeld Defence 92
GAME SIXTEEN. English Opening O7
GAME SEVENTEEN. King’s Indian Defence 105
GAME EIGHTEEN. Queen’s Gambit Declined 110
GAME NINETEEN. Queen’s Gambit Declined 115
GAME TWENTY. Queen’s Gambit Declined. 122
GAME TWENTY-ONE. Gruenfeld Defence 127
GAME TWENTY-TWO. Queen’s Gambit 132
GAME TWENTY-THREE. Gruenfeld Defence 136
GAME TWENTY-FOUR. RetI Opening 145

David Bronstein. Points Scored and Moves Played 155

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