Science for Everyone – Problems in Solid Geometry

We are still on the Science for Everyone series. This post is first of two books by I. F. Sharygin. The two books are problem and solution books in geometry. In this post the Problems in Solid Geometry is taken up. The next post would be Problems in Plane Geometry.

From the Preface:

This book contains 340 problems in solid geometry and is a natural continuation of Problems in Plane Geometry, Nauka, Moscow, 1982. It is therefore possible to confine myself here to those points where this book differs from the first. The problems in this collection are grouped into (1) computational problems and (2) problems on proof.

The simplest problems in Section 1 only have answers, others, have brief hints, and the most difficult, have detailed hints and worked solutions. There are two reservations. Firstly, in most cases only the general outline of the solution is given, a number of details being suggested for the reader to consider. Secondly, although the suggested solutions are valid, they are not patterns (models) to be used in examinations. Sections 2-4 contain various geometric facts and theorems, problems on maximum and minimum (some of the problems in this part could have been put in Section 1), and problems on loci. Some questions pertaining to the geometry of tetrahedron, spherical geometry, and so forth are also considered here.

As to the techniques for solving all these problems, I have to state that I prefer analytical computational methods to those associated with plane geometry. Some of the difficult problems in solid geometry will require a high level of concentration from the reader, and an ability to carry out some rather complicated work.

The book was translated from the Russian by Leonid Levant and was first published by Mir in 1986.

All credits to the original uploader.

Update Jan 2020

 

Here and here

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Science for Everyone – Differential Equations in Applications

Continuing the Science for Everyone Series we now come to Differential Equations in Applications by V. V. Amel’kin

From the back cover:

This book is an easy-reading introduction to ordinary differential equations and their use in the study of real phenomena and processes. Problems taken from various fields of knowledge illustrate the tools used in setting up differential equations and the methods employed in their qualitative investigation. The book should be useful to  high-school students, teachers of science courses, college students, and specialists of, non-mathematical professions who use mathematics in their work.

The book discusses many interesting problems and has 2 chapters. The first one is dedicated to constructing the differential models and finding their solutions. The second chapter is more interesting, it shows you the way to deal with differential equations qualitatively.

The book was translated from the Russian by Eugene Yankovsky and was first published by Mir in 1990. This I think was one of the last books published by Mir, as after that the USSR came apart and so did all these wonderful state run publishers.

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Updated: 15 January 2019

Update: New link has been posted, earlier link was missing pages 180-181. Thanks Khalid for reporting this.

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Science for Everyone – Physical Paradoxes and Sophisms

Now we come to a book in the Science for Everyone series which eluded me for years, only to be found with one of my dear friends. This book is Physical Paradoxes and Sophisms by V. N. Lange. Long before I had read about this book in the advertisements on the back pages of other books, but had never a chance to see it. Many of the problems discussed in this book are revealing and take you to deeper levels of understanding about physics. Two similar books that I have read are Surprises in Theoretical Physics and More Surprises in Theoretical Physics by Rudolf Peierls.

From the Preface

This book was written for senior schoolchildren and presents a series of physical paradoxes and sophisms differing in theme and complexity. Some of them were known long ago, yet most are published for the first time. “Sophism” and “paradox” are Greek words. A sophism is an argument, though apparently perfectly correct in form, actually contains an error that makes the final deduction absurd. A well-known sophism is “That which you did not lose, you possess. You have not lost horns, hence you possess them.”

On the contrary, a paradox is a statement that seemingly contradicts common sense, yet in fact is true. For example, as a popular Russian saying contends, “it is a fact, however incredible” that when combining velocities with the same direction, the resultant velocity is smaller than their arithmetic sum (this is one of the inferences of the special theory of relativity).

A study of sophisms and paradoxes need not be thought of as a waste of time. Indeed, they were esteemed by such eminent scientists as Gottfried Leibniz, Leonhard Euler, and Albert Einstein. Einstein was very fastidious about his books, and yet he had a shelf full of books on mathematical jokes and puzzles. Maybe it was his early love of original problems that developed his striking paradoxes has played an extraordinary role in the development of contemporary physics. We hope that this small collection will help its readers avoid making some mistakes. For example, senior schoolchildren and first—year students are often observed, in trying to solve ballistic pendulum problems and the like, finding the system’s velocity following an elastic collision by applying the law of conservation of mechanical energy only. Such mistakes will hardly be made again after studying the sophism in Problem 1.25 (a “violation” of the law of energy conservation).

The first section of the collection contains the problems, the second section gives short solutions. The latter are useful to check your own solutions and in the cases when a problem is difficult to solve on one’s own. The first two editions of the book were so popular that they quickly sold out. It has been translated into Bulgarian, Roumanian, German (two editions in GDR), Japanese, and the languages of the peoples of the USSR. Its success stimulated me to compose new paradoxes and sophisms, thus resulting in the present edition. In preparing it, I have omitted some problems, revised the text and solution of others, and added new ones.

The book was translated from the Russian by Valerii Ilyushchenko and was first published by Mir in 1987.

Thanks AlKaPRo for providing this book.

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Updated: 15 January 2019

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Science for Everyone – Physics and Geometry of Disorder – Percolation Theory

We now come to another gem in the Science For Everyone series, Physics and Geometry of Disorder – Percolation Theory by A. L. Efros.

From the back cover:

This book is  about percolation theory and its various applications, which occur mostly in physics and chemistry. The book is self-sufficient in that it contains chapters on elementary probability theory and Monte Carlo simulation. Most attention is paid to the relationship between the geometrical and physical properties of systems in the vicinity of their percolation thresholds. The theory is applied to examples of impurity semiconductors and doped ferromagnetics, which demonstrate its universality. Although written for students at high schools, the book is very good reading for college students and will satisfy the curiosity of a physicist for whom this will be a first encounter with percolation theory.

The book was translated from the Russian by V. I. Kisin and was first published by Mir in 1986.

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Updated: 15 January 2019

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Science for Everyone – Temperature

This book on temperature was written to explain 
how physical concepts arise, how new methods of 
measuring physical quantities are developed, 
and how the progress in physics makes well-worn 
concepts move into modern fields of physics of 
which our predecessors were understandably 
quite ignorant. - Ya. Smorodinsky

We now come to the next title in the Science for Everyone Series, Temperature written by Ya. A. Smorodinsky.

The books has a lot of historical perspective on how the ideas of thermodynamics developed over the ages. Also the book takes you to many quantum phenomena and discusses in detail about many of them.

From the back cover

This book starts with a historical background on the notion of temperature and the development of the temperature scale. Then Ya. A. Smorodinsky covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics and statistical physics, only using concepts that will be familiar to high-school students. Having built a solid foundation, he exposes the reader to a number of phenomena that are essentially quantum-mechanical, but for which the concept of temperature “works”, and works very well. These include the spins in crystal lattices, inverse population of energy levels, microwave background radiation, black holes, and cooling antiproton beams. Although it has been written for high-school students, the book contains a minimum amount of mathematics. Nevertheless, Ya.A. Smorodinsky compensates for this
severe restriction by the lucid manner in which he discusses complicated effects.

The book was translated from the Russian by V. I. Kisin and was first published by Mir in 1984.

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Updated: 15 January 2019

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Science for Everyone – How We See What We See

We now come to another book in the Science for Everyone Series called How We See What We See by V. Demidov.

The title of the book is self-explanatory. The back cover of the book says:

Pattern recognition and freaks of fashions, the perception of color and the structure of the visual tract, optical illusions and shaping of the mental model of the world are some of the topics discussed in this fascinating and enlightening account of the extremely important frontiers of neurophysiology, and psychology, cybernectics and medicine. The author (a journalist and an engineer) visited many laboratories even participated in many experiments – that is why he is so successful in conveying the atmosphere of scientific search and adventure. The book will appeal to the general reader  and non-specialist researcher.

From the foreword

The author of this book is a journalist and an engineer. The book itself is a result of tive years of fruitful cooperation between the author and the investigators of the Vision Physiology Laboratory at the I.P. Pavlov Physiology Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences at Koltushi, near Leningrad. During this time the author has kept a keen eye on the advances of the Laboratory and covered them in the mass media. Demidov presents his case drawing on the holographic hypothesis of the workings of the brain, which in recent years has been developed actively by international authors (it is to be noted, however, that this concept is shared not by all the workers). Prominent among these studies are  contributions of Soviet scientists, notably at the Pavlov Institute. And since holography is a creation of engineers, it is clear why one of them has been able freely and easily to take bearing using the holographic compass in the sea of evidence, which on the face of it seems to be scrappy,but in fact demonstrates the profound unity of the material foundations of the world before us.

Demidov’s book is one of the most successful attempts to expose the tight interplay of results from a wide variety of fields of learning. Furthermore Demidov relates these findings to problems of vital interest for literally every human being. The book is a brilliant combination of the insight of a scientist and the lively, provoking style of a man of letters.

With that said, the book explores also the history of how we came to know about what we know in this matter.

The book was translated in Hindi as दृश्य और दृष्टि, we do not know of any other translations.

The book was translated from the Russian by Alexander Repyev and was first published by Mir in 1986.

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Updated: 15 January 2019

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Science For Everyone – Flying Trains

It is impossible to convince people of a novelty. 
One has to wait for a new generation to accept 
new ideas. - Max Planck

In continuing our run on the Science for Everyone series, we now come to another title in the series Flying Trains by G. Zelkin. The book is about future and transportation, and makes you think  for ‘out of the box’ solutions.


From the back cover

We can hardly imagine how many transportation modes are now in existence. It is life that motivates advent of new vehicles. Our current progress in science and technology provides basis for new forms of transportation.  We may suppose that the immediate decades will see superspeed trains with magnetic and air suspension. Air traffic will be dominated by large jet aircraft, primarily airbuses, and airships will also find numerous applications. For cross water routes hydrofoils. hovercraft. and ground effect machines will be used whose time tables and navigation will be controlled from space.

The book discusses the development of a number of promising vehicles, such as fast wheelless trains, and shows the perspective of their advancement, The material of the book is based on a great deal of facts concerning the latest achievements in the field.

The book is intended for those who are interested in the history of transportation, anew technical ideas, and prospects of transport technology.

The author was the first one to float the idea of a train supported on an air cushion
or magnetic suspension rather than wheels in  1957. At the time almost nothing had been written about such vehicles, while the idea itself aroused skepticism.

Today these vehicles are regarded as a new and promising mode of transportation, they are being developed, and are under construction or being operable in many countries. The author did not just witness the debate that accompanied the development and establishment of this new form of transportation in the Soviet Union, but took an active part in it.

Ideas, like people, are sometimes born easily and sometimes with pain, and their fate too may be different. That of wheelless trains as a practicality has not been all roses.

No wheels means no dynamic loading on the rail. Therefore the monorail can be made of concrete rather than expensive metal. The absence of wheels also removes the speed limitations intrinsic in ordinary trains.

This book becomes especially important now, as many of our cities are running metros. And the author not only discusses the technological side of the story but also the human side.
The book was translated from the Russian by Alexander Repyev and was first published by Mir in 1986.

Update Jan 2020

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Science for Everyone – Electrons and Crystals – Wolkenstein

The mission of a popular science writer is to reawaken in the 
reader his feelings of astonishment and curiosity.

The aim is not so much to supply the reader with knowledge about
 a subject, but to kindle his interest in it. If a reader, having 
read the book, reaches for another book on the same or a similar 
topic, then the popular science writer has fulfilled his task.

In this post we will be seeing another wonderful book in the Science for Everyone series. Electrons and Crystals by Theodore Wolkenstein helped me understand many physical concepts, in solid state physics.

The book is very interesting in many ways, for example, the book doesn’t have a Preface. You would say what’s great in that, but wait, there is a section Instead of  Preface: On the Laws of Popular Science !

Now something about the book:

This book tackles some of the problems of solid-state physics. We are going to discuss the behaviour of electrons in metals, semiconductors,
and dielectrics (insulators), and some of the properties of solids affected by this behaviour. We do not pretend this is an exhaustive review of the latest achievements in solid-state physics, but we hope we have described some of the fundamental concepts in the physics of metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. The book is a supplement to appropriate parts of a physics course in secondary schools and is intended for someone who is finishing secondary school or who has finished it and remembers his school physics. We do not expect a reader to know anything and remembers his school physics. Moreover, sometimes a topic is tackled somewhat differently than it might be treated in school. The mathematics used in the book does not go beyond elementary algebra and the mathematical analysis that should be familiar to anyone finishing secondary school.

The back cover of the book says:

The increasingly important field of solid-state physics concerns the behavior of electrons in various crystals. Problems of solid-state physics, which include specific differences between metals and dielectrics and the remarkable properties of semiconductors, are particularly topical in todays `electronic’ society.

Electrons and Crystals by Dr. Theodore Wolkenstein covers fundamentals of solid state physics in an engaging way. Written in an easy, readable style, the book is intended as a supplement to textbook in secondary school physics courses, and the approach to certain topics in the volume is, therefore, unique. The material is presented in terms of models and required no special additional knowledge.

Suitable for general reader with a good command of elementary physics and mathematics, this book can also serve as a useful study guide for high-school students.

The book was translated from the Russian by Michael Burov and was edited by R. N. Hainsworth, first published by Mir in 1985.

Thanks Anish.Dot for this book.

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Updated: 15 January 2019

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Science for Everyone – Physics In Your Kitchen Lab – Kikoin

Physics is an experimental science since it 
studies the fundamental laws of nature by 
direct experimentation
The first step in becoming an accomplished 
physicist is mastering of the techniques of 
physical experimentation.

Continuing our rendezvous with the Science for Everyone series, we now see a new volume titled Physics in Your Kitchen Lab, which is edited by Academician I. K. Kikoin.

This book is a collection of articles from the Russian journal Kvant (Quantum). All the issues of Kvant are available freely online in Russian here, and the official website is here.  As far as I know, there are no translations available. May be in the future I will try to create an interface wherein we can translate the articles, into many Indian languages. Actually the Science for Everyone series was originally published in the Russian by series named The Library of Kvant. The preface by the editors makes the purpose of the book very clear.

Editor’s Note
Physics is an experimental science since it studies the fundamental laws of nature by direct experimentation. The experimenter asks questions of nature in any experimental work, but only correctly formulated questions are answered. This means that unless a physical experiment is set up correctly, the experimenter will not get the desired results. An experimenter’s skill, therefore, depends on his ability to formulate experiments correctly. The experimental physics is a fascinating science, which enables us to understand, explain and, sometimes, even discover new phenomena in nature. The first step in becoming an accomplished physicist is mastering of the techniques of physical experimentation.
Modern experimental physics uses very sophisticated and expensive apparatus, housed, for the most part, in large research institutes and laboratories where many of the readers of this book may one day conduct their own original research. Until then, however, the engaging experiments described in this book can be performed right at home. Most of the experiments included here were first published separately in the journal Kvant. Just as “a picture is worth a thousand words”, an experiment once performed is worth a thousand  descriptions of one. It is recommended, therefore, that readers  perform the experiments described themselves. The means for this are readily available, and it should soon become obvious that  experimentation is a captivating pastime. The experiments presented here need not be confining; they may be varied and expanded, providing, i n this way, an opportunity for real scientific investigation.
The book is dedicated to Georgii Ivanovich Kosourov, one of the founding fathers of Kvant. Kosourov, who edited the experimental section of the journal in its first year of publication,
has contributed several very interesting articles to this collection. Among the other authors of this book are a number of famous physicists, as well as young researchers just beginning their careers. We hope this book will fascinate not only students already interested in physics who intend to make it their lifework but also the friends to whom they demonstrate the experiments in a laboratory made right at home.

You can get the book here.

and here

Thanks Anish.Dot for this book.

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Update: 17 December 2015 | Added Internet Archive Link

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Science for Everyone – Semiconductors Made Simple

In continuing our roll of Science for Everyone series, we now come to book by A. M. Polyakov titled Semiconductors Made Simple.

The back cover of the book says:

Semiconductors have made an enormous impact on 20th century science and technology. This is because components made from semiconductors have very favourable properties such as low energy consumption, compactness, and high reliability, and so they now dominate electronics and radio engineering. Semiconductors are indispensable for space exploration and where the requirements of small size, low weight and low energy consumption are especially stringent.

The book uses quantum-mechanical concepts and band theory to present the theory of semiconductors in a comprehensible for. It also describes how basic semiconductor devices (e.g. diodes, transistors, and lasers) operate. The book was written for senior high-school students interested in physics.

The book was translated from the Russian by Natasha Deineko and was first published by Mir in 1985.

Thanks to Anish.Dot for this book.

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Updated: 15 January 2019

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