Some Applications Of Mechanics To Mathematics (Popular Lectures in Mathematics Vol 3) – Uspenskii

Posted on January 16, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Some Applications Of Mechanics To Mathematics by V. A. Uspenskii. This book is Volume 3 of the Popular Lectures in Mathematics series.

About the book

The applications of mathematics to physics (in particular, to mechanics) are well-known. We need only open a school text-book to find examples. The higher branches of mecha­nics demand a complex and refined mathematical apparatus.
There are, however, mathematical problems for whose solution we can successfully use the ideas and laws of physics. A number of problems of this kind soluble by methods drawn from mechanics (namely, by using the laws of equilibrium) were given by the author in his lecture “The solving of mathematical problems by the methods of mechanics”, which
was read to pupils in their seventh year of secondary school at the Moscow State University on 19 February 1956, this lecture, with very minor additions, makes up the contents of this article.

The book was translated from Russian by Halina Moss and edited by Ian N. Sneddon. was published in 1960.

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Contents

Foreword vii

 

1. Problem on a tangent to a circle 1

2. Problem on a tangent to an ellipse 5

3. Problems on tangents to parabolas and hyperbolas 11

4. Principle of least potential energy 18

5. Material points and the centre of gravity 23

6. The centre of gravity and a system of two material points 28

7. Theorems about the intersection of straight lines 30

8. The centre of gravity of a rod with many loads 35

9. A problem in the theory of numbers (formulation) 39

10. A problem in the theory of numbers (solution) 43

11. The impossibility of perpetual motion 49

 

Conclusion 51

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Electric Slag Welding – Paton

Posted on January 15, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Electric Slag Welding by B. Paton.

About the book

Electric slag welding is a fundamentally new method of permanently joining metals. It has been developed and put to practical use by the Paton Electric Welding Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the Engineering Works at Novo-Kramatorsk and the Krasny Kotelshchik Boiler- Making Factory at Taganrog, both of which are leading plants in the field.
As distinct from other fusion welding methods, the electric slag process depends on the lioaL generated by the passage of an electric current from the welding rod (electrode) to the workpiece through the molten pool of a high-resistance conductive flux, or slag. Hence its name—electric slag process.
Submerged arc welding has proved less efficient on thicknesses over 50 or 60 mm than on lighter sections. This is because of the difficulty and, at limes, impossibility of making well-shaped welds with strong arcs in the downhand position in a single pass. Therefore, heavy-gauge plate has to be bevelled prior to welding and welded in many passes—which is out of pace with modern heavy engineering practice.
Electric slag welding is a big step forward, as this process, coupled with weld moulding, has rendered possible the single-pass welding of plate of practically unlimited thickness.
The obvious advantages, both technical and economic, that the electric slag process possesses in comparison with other methods and processes of fusion welding of heavy sections have appealed to welding people in some Western countries. In 1959, equipment for electric slag welding went into production in Britain and West Germany.
In this book, the authors have sought to cover all the latest achievements in the science and art of electric slag welding.

The book was translated from Russian was published in  by Publishers.

Original scan by Digital Library of India project. Credits to original uploader.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

 

FOREWORD? 5

Chapter I. ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING 1

1. Definitions 7
2. Classification 12
3. Features 17
4. Applications 19

Chapter II. WELD FORMATION IN ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING 22

1. Heat Input and Distribution 22
2. Propagation of Heat in the Parent Metal 26
3. Welding Procedures and Their Effect on Weld Shape and Dimensions 29
4. Structure of Weld Metal in Electric Slag Welding 48

Chapter III. METALLURGY OF ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING 63

1. Reactions of Manganese and Silicon 64
2. Reactions of Chromium 71
3. Oxidation of Carbon 71
4. Reactions of Phosphorus and Sulphur 72
5. Effect of Welding Conditions on the Rate of Metallurgical Reactions 74
6. Effect of Type of Current aud Polarity on Metallurgical Reactions 77
7. Behaviour of Gases in Electric Slag Welding 81
8. Fluxes for Electric Slag Welding 83
9. Electrodes for Electric Slag Welding 87

Chapter IV. TECHNIQUE OF ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING AND HARDFACING 90

1. Types of Joints and Welds 90
2. Edge Preparation and Fit-up 95
3. Technique for Straight Seams 100
4. Technique for Circumferential Seams 107
5. Consumable Electrode-guide Technique 111
6. Welding Technique with Large-size Flectrodes 116
7. Hard-facing by the Electric Slag Process 118
8. Electric Slag Welding in Repair of Thick-walled Articles and Machine Parts 124
9, Defects in Electric Slag Welds 128
10. Weld Inspection and Testing 139

Chapter V. DISTORTIONS AND THE!R CONTROL IN ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING 142

1. Distortions in Flat-plate Structures Joined by Straigh Seams 142
2. Distortions in Corner Joints 146
3. Distortions in Welded Frames lens 146
4. Distortions In Slag-welded High-pressure High-temperature Boilers 148
5. Distortions in Circumferential Seams 150

Chapter VI. EQUIPMENT FOR ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING 153

1. Features of Design 153
3. Track-riding Electric Slag Welding 155
3. Trackless Electric Slag Welding Equipment 170
4. Walking Magnet Welding Sets 175
5. Sets for Electric Slag Circumferential Seams 117
6. Equipment for Electric Slag Welding with Plate and Rod Electrodes 181
7. Sets for Welding with Consumable Electrode Guides 184
8. Electric Slag Welding Outfits 185

Chapter VII. POWER SOURCES AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL IN ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING 200

1. Power Sources for Electric Slag Welding 200
2. Automatic Control of Electric Slag Welding 205

Chapter VIII. WELDING PROCEDURES FOR CARBON AND ALLOY STRUCTURAL STEELS 217

1. Killed Carbon Steels 217
2. Rimmed Low-carbon Steels 234
3. Boiler Carbon Steels 231
4. Medium-alloy Steels 247
5. Austenitic Steels and Heat-resistant Alloys 267
6. Titanium 282
T. Cast Iron 287
8. Hard Facing by the Electric Slag Process 289

Chapter IX. ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING OF HIGII-PRESSURE VESSELS 299

1. Types of Welded Vessels 299
2. Slag-welded Vessels from Roll-formed Plate 303
3. Slag-welded Vessels from Pressed Plate 307
4. Heat Treatment of Thick-walled Boiler Drums and High-pressure Vessels 313
5 Distortions of Boilers Due to Heat Treatment in Gas-fired Furnaces and Their Control 315
6. Economic Gain and Technical Advantages 317

Chapter X. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC SLAG WELDING 320

1. Rolled-welded Structures 321
2. Cast-welded Structures 332
3. Forged-welded Structures 344
4. Composite Structures from Plate, Forgings and Castings 351
5. Electric Slag Welding of Heavy-gauge Reinforcing Bars 359

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The Little Clay Hut

Posted on January 14, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book The Little Clay Hut – Russian Folk Tales.

About the book

Collected in this book are Russian folk tales about animals. They are quaint and intriguing, and though meant for the tiny tots, will endear themselves to all. The birds and animals in them speak like human beings and they think and act like human beings. Some of them are good and others bad, some are brave and others cowardly, some are foolish and others clever.

Different sections of the book were translated from Russian by  Irina Zheleznova, George Hanna, and Bernard Isaacs. The Telugu translation is attributed to RVR. The splendid drawings of Yevgeny Rachev whose brush takes us into a world of magic are a joy in themselves. The book was published  by Raduga Publishers in 1987 reprint, the Telugu version is from 1982.

Do let us know if there are any other translations that you are aware of.

All credits to Guptaji.

You can get the English version of the book here.

Telugu Version here (cleaned) and here.

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Contents

THE TURNIP  8
Translated by Irina Zheleznova

THE LITTLE CLAY HUT  12
Translated by Irina Zheleznova

THE WOLF AND THE LITTLE WHITE KIDS  24
Translated by Irina Zheleznova

THE FOX AND THE THRUSH    32
Translated by George Hanna

THE MUZHIK AND THE BEAR   42
Translated by Bernard Isaacs

THE FOX AND THE CRANE     46
Translated by Bernard Isaacs

RABBIT TALK BIG  50
Translated by Irina Zheleznova

THE BEAR AND THE FOX  54
Translated by George Hanna

THE GOAT, THE RAM AND THE CAT  60
Translated by Irina Zheleznova

LITTLE GIRL AND THE SWAN-GEESE  68
Translated by Bernard Isaacs

 

 

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Happiness – Pyotr Pavlenko

Posted on January 13, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Happiness by Pyotr Pavlenko.

About the book

The novel Happiness (1947; State Prize of the USSR) was inspired by author’s experience during the restoration of the Crimea’s economy. The hero, the Communist Voropaev, is depicted comprehensively and in depth.

> A novel about postwar reconstruction in the Crimea; considered a Cult of Stalin novel: “a crude contribution to the Party’s campaign against Cosmopolitanism”

The book was translated from Russian by J. Fineberg, and was designed by A. Radishchev . The book was published in 1950 by Foreign Languages Publishing House.

Original scan from Digital Library of India project. Credits to original uploader.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

PART ONE

CHAPTER ONE 13
CHAPTER TWO 105
CHAPTER THREE 134
CHAPTER FOUR 178
CHAPTER FIVE 220
CHAPTER SIX 263

Part TWO

CHAPTER SEVEN 333
CHAPTER EIGHT  370
CHAPTER NINE 445
CHAPTER TEN 494
CHAPTER ELEVEN 524
CHAPTER TWELVE  586

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The Call of The Cosmos – Tsiolkovsky

Posted on January 12, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book The Call Of The Cosmos by K. Tsiolkovsky.

About the book

Taken as a whole, this book makes interesting, even fascinating reading. Tsiolkovsky’s stories are of tremendous interest and urge us to ponder over the many purely specific problems of space travel. They will, undoubtedly, increase the number of enthusiasts in this branch of science and technology. His “On the Moon”, “Outside the Earth” and other stories afford hours of entertainment and leave a lasting impression.
Illustrated here is the world outlook of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, original thinker, self-taught scientist, founder and keen enthusiast of space travel. Though man is bound by every fibre to his home-planet, Tsiolkovsky argues that he stands to gain immeasurably by gradually conquering space. Life in space, where there is no acceleration of gravity in relation to manned spacecraft, or even on such objects as the Moon or the asteroids, where the gravity is negligible compared with the Earth’s, presents tremendous advantages, Tsiolkovsky claims, since with the same effort it is possible there to accomplish an in­ comparably greater amount of work. In addition, in the absence of disease-producing germs and drawing on the Sun’s continuous radiation, it will be possible to cultivate
in artificial hothouses with temperature control and air-conditioning, various kinds of plants, which provide food for a human population and also consume the excreta of animal organisms.

The various sections in the book were translated from Russian by A. Shkarovsky, V. Talmy, X. Danko, and D. Myshne. The translation was edited by V. Dutt. The book was published in 1960 by Foreign Language Publishing House.

Original scan from Digital Library of India project.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

FOREWORD. Translated by A. Shkarovsky 5

ON THE MOON. Translated by A. Shkarovsky 10
DREAMS OF EARTH AND SKY. Translated by D. Myshne 52
ON VESTA. Translated by A. Shkarovsky 155
OUTSIDE THE EARTH. Translated by V. Talmy 261
THE AIMS OF ASTRONAUTICS. Translated by X. Danko 333
CHANGES IN RELATIVE WEIGHT. Translated by A. Shkarovsky 373
LIVING BEINGS IN THE COSMOS. Translated by X. Danko 400
BIOLOGY OF DWARFS AND GIANTS. Translated by A. Shkarovsky 420
ISLAND OF ETHER. Translated by A. Shkarovsky 428
BEYOND THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE. Translated by A. Shkarovsky 441
B. N. VOROBYOV. SCIENCE FICTION IN TSIOLKOVSKY’S WRITINGS. Translated by A. Shkarovsky 451

Supplements

I. To Inventors of Reaction-Propelled Machines. 467
II. Is This Mere Fantasy? 469
III. Pages from a Young.Man’s Notebook. 471

 

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Infectious Disease – Bunin

Posted on January 11, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Infectious Diseases by K. Bunin.

About the book

The first edition of the textbook was given a positive appraisal in the periodic press and in discussions by numerous teaching staffs of secondary medical schools.

In preparing this edition the author took into account the critical remarks made by reviewers.

The author deemed it necessary to include in this textbook the latest scientific information and results of the practical achievements of Soviet medicine. The author extended those parts of the textbook in which science has lately become enriched with new facts which are of particular practical value. The parts of the textbook dealing with methods of diagnosing infectious diseases, the principles of their treatment with antibiotics were written anew. The book also contains new descriptions of the complications of drug therapy, use of therapeutic serums, and a new chapter on Economo’s lethargic encephalitis.

New illustrations have been added and the old ones improved: the book also contains a number of original, including coloured, pictures and photographs.

In view of the existence of a special textbook on disinfection the author found it possible to limit himself to the most essential information on this subject, thereby shortening the corresponding chapter compared with the first edition of the textbook. The parts of the textbook printed in small type are aimed at giving the students deeper insight into the material.

To help the students to master the materials presented in the textbook, the latter includes tables of differential diagnostic signs of the main types of diseases. The supplements contain information which is of practical interest.

The author hopes that the present edition of the textbook will be helpful to the students and will be favourably received by teachers.

The book was translated from Russian by David A. Myshne was published in 1965 by  Mir Publishers.

 

Note: The original scan is from Digital Library of India project, and as mentioned earlier, the quality of scans is very poor.  The scan is barely readable at times, and in patches it is white washed (see below). So OCR is of little value for much of the text. The colour figures mentioned in the preface, are in black and white mode rendering them of no use. Only in a few cases they are legible as grayscale. We have cleaned as much as possible but we definitely need a better scan for this.

PS: With the current pandemic it is fun to read about other deadly diseases which can/have wreck/wrecked havoc on humans.

Credits to original uploaders.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

 

Foreword

Introduction

GENERAL INFORMATION

History of Theories of Infectious Diseases 12
General Pathology of Infectious Diseases 26
Classification of Infectious Diseases 35
Principal Methods of Diagnosing Infectious Diseases 42
Organization of and Regimen in Contagious Hospitals and Departments 49
Purpose of Contagious Hospitals (Departments) 49
General Organization and layout of Hospitals (Departments) 49
Work of the Admission Department 51
Work of a Contagious Department 55
Rules Governing the Work of the Personnel of Contagious Departments 59
Prevention of Nosocomial (Intrahospital) Infections 59
Care and Diet of Infectious Patients 61
Principal Methods of Treating Infectious Patients 66
Disinfection, Disinsection and Deratization 77
Fundamentals of Infectious Disease Prevention 78

CLINICAL INFORMATION

 

I. INTESTINAL INFECTIONS 91

Typhoid Fever 91
Paratyphoid Fever A and Paratyphoid Fever B (Paratyphus Abdominalis A and B) 108
Food Poisoning 110
Botulism 115
Dysentery 120
Amoebiasis 132
Asiatic Cholera 138
Botkin’s Disease (Morbus Botkini) 145
Helminthiases 158

II. TRANSMISSIVE (BLOOD) INFECTIONS

Classic Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus 175
Tick-Borne Typhus or North-Asian Ixodorickettsiosis 191
Endemic or Murine Rickettsiosis 194
Q-Fever (Q Rickettsiosis) 196
Relapsing Fever (Typhus, Sive Febris Recurrens) 200
Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (Spirochaetosis Acarina) 210
Malaria 213
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 231
Visceral (General) Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) 235
Pappataci Fever (Febris Pappatasii) 241
Haemorrhagic Fevers 245

Epidemic Encephalitides 250

III. ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS 256

Rabies (Hydrophobia, Lyssa) 256
Brucellosis 263
Icterohaemorrhagic Leptospirosis or Weil-Vasilyev’s Disease 274
Marsh Fever or Anicteric Leptospirosis 281
Glanders (Malleus) 284
Anthrax 287
Tularaemia 297
Plague (Pestis) 306
Foot and Mouth Disease (Aphthae Epizooticae) 315

IV. AIR BORNE DROPLET INFECTIONS 318

Chickenpox (Varicella) 318
Influenza 322
Diptheria 334
Infectious Mononucleosis 350
Whooping Cough (Pertussis) 351
Rubeola Morbiollosa 361
Lethargic Encephalitis (Economo’s Disease) 362
Small Pox (Variola Vera) 364
Orniteosis 379
Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis 379
Scarlet Fever 390
Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis) 407

V. INTEGUMENTARY INFECTIONS 410

Erysipelas 410
Tetanus 415
Complications of Drug Therapy and Methods of Preventing Them 420

 

Supplements

Supplement 1. Incubation Periods of Various Infectious Diseases 429
Supplement 2. Methods of Taking Material for Laboratory Examination 431
Supplement 3. M. A. Morozov’s Method of Silvering for Viroscopy 437
Supplement 4. Staining Smears and Thick Drops for the Purpose of Revealing Malarial Plasmodia and Relapsing Fever Spirochaetes 437
Supplement 5. Liver Function Tests in Botkin’s Disease 439
Supplement 6. Rules Governing Discharge of Convalescents from Hospital after Treatment with Drugs and Antibiotics 439
Supplement 7. Prescriptions 441

 

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Industrial Wiring – Polyakov, Kovarsky

Posted on January 10, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Industrial Wiring – Manual for Trainee Electricians by G. Polyakov and A. Kovarsky.

About the book

The book is a how to do wiring for high power requirements. The book is divided into six parts. The first part deals with fundamentals of electric power supplies till 500 volts. This includes generation of electric power, and various installations used for setting up systems with 500 volt threshold. The second part considers setting up of consumer electrical circuits upto 500 volts. The third part gives an overview of cables and aerial lines. Part four deals with high voltage substations and has discussions on the equipments used, protective relays and signal circuits and switchgears for these substations. Part five discusses power equipments in form of high powered motors both AC and DC and their control mechanisms. Final sixth part discusses maintenance and safety issues.

The book was translated from Russian by J. A. Feinberg and was published in 1961 by  Progress Publishers.

Credits to original uploaders.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

Part One ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY

Chapter I The Generation and Use of Electric Power 7

Chapter II Electrical Installations Rated for Voltages up to 500 V 21

Part Two INSTALLATION OF WIRING AND DUSWAYS FOR CONSUMER ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS WITH VOLTAGES UP TO 500 VOLTS

Chapter III Installation of wiring 68

Chapter IV Busways 137

Part Three CABLE AND AERIAL LINES

Chapter V Arrangement and Installation of Cable Lincs 142

Chapter VI Features of Overhead Power Line Erection for Voltages up to 1,000 Volts 180

Part Four HIGH-VOLTAGE SUBSTATIONS

Chapter VII Features and Equipment of Transformer Substations in Industrial Undertakings 188

Chapter VIII Main Features of Protective Relaying, Signal Circuit and Interlocking Arrangements 212

Chapter IX Erection of Switchgear Installations for Voltages over 1,000 Volts 232

Part Five POWER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Chapter X Types and Forms of Electrical Motors and Their Manual Control 259

Chapter XI Elements of Automatic Electric Motor Control
Automatic Control of Asynchronous (Induction) Motors 269

Chapter XII Mounting of Low-Power Electric Motors

Part Six OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Chapter XIII Operation and Maintenance of Electric Circuits and Equipment 285

 

 

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Switchgear Installation – Kireyev, Kovarsky

Posted on January 9, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Switchgear Installation – A Manual for Installers of Electrical Switchgears and Powerlines by M. Kireyev; A. Kovarsky.

About the book

The book provides a comprehensive treatment of installation of power system equipments in Part 1. This covers fundamentals of installation work, substation switchgear, various mountings, power transformers, and control circuits. The second part of the book covers operation and maintenance and trouble-shooting of the station and line equipments. There is also a chapter on accident prevention and safety during maintenance.  The book is profusely illustrated with drawings of  various equipments, instruments, photographs and technical drawings almost on every page.

The book was translated from Russian by J. Fainberg and translation was edited by B. Kuznetsov. The book was published in  by Progress Publishers in 1964.

Note: The information is may be dated and is in particular about Soviet electrical equipments.

Credits to original uploader.

You can get the book here.

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Content

PART ONE
Installation of Power System Equipment

Chapter 1. INSTALLATION WORK 7

1. Plans and Drawings 0 7
2. Tools and Mechanisms Employed in Installation Work 8

Chapter 2. SUBSTATION SWITCHGEAR 15

3. Types of Substations 15
4. Main Connections and Diagrams 20

Chapter 3. INSTALLATION OF 6-10-KV INDOOR PRIMARY CIRCUIT EQUIPMENT 31

5. General oer 31
6. Marking-out of Positions DN 32
7. Placement of Fastenings and Supporting Metalwork 35
8. Mounting of Support (Post) Insulators 38
9. Mounting of Bushings 44
10. Mounting of Isolators (Disconnecting Switches) 47
11. Mounting of Load-breaking Isolators 51
12. Mounting of BГ-10 Hard-gas Circuit Breakers 61
13. Mounting of BMБ-10 Oil Circuit Breakers 65
14. Mounting of BMГ-133 Minimum-oil Circuit Breakers 68
15. Mounting of MГГ-10 Oil Circuit Breakers 79
16. Mounting of МГГ-229 Oil Circuit Breakers 90
17. Mounting of Instrument Current Transformers 98
18. Mounting of Voltage Transformers 105
19. Mounting of High-voltage Fuses 112
20. Mounting of Cast-in-concrete Reactors 116
21. Mounting of Valve-type Lightning Arresters 121
22. Installation of Busbars 123
23. Installation of KPY and KCO Factory-assembled and Prefabricated Switchgear 144

Chapter 4. INSTALLATION OF OUTDOOR PRIMARY CIRCUIT SWITCHGEAR 149

24. General 149
25. Marking-out Positions (ог Supporting Structures and Foundations 150
26. Mounting of Support Insulators and Entrance Bushings 150
21. Mounting of Isolators 2 2. 155
28. Mounting of Type BM-35 and BMД-35 Oil Circuit Breakers 163
29. Mounting of an MKП-35 Oil Circuit Breaker
30. Mounting of ап MГ-35 Oil Circuit Breaker 180
31. Mounting of an MГ-110 Oil Circuit Breaker 187
32. Mounting of an MKП-110 Oil Circuit Breaker 195
33. Mounting of a BBH-110 Air-blast Circuit Breaker 205
34. Mounting of T𝛷H Instrument Current Transformers 212
35. Mounting of HOM-35 and НК𝛷-110 Instrument Voltage Transformers 216
36. Mounting of Reactors and Lightning Arresters 218
37. Installation of Outdoor Buses 222

Chapter 5. INSTALLATION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS 229

38. Delivery of Transformers to the Site 229
39, Mounting of Transformer Parts 230
40. Filling of Transformer with Oil and Putting into Operation 234

Chapter 6. INSTALLATION OF CONTROL CIRCUITS 237

41. General 237
42. Installation of Control Boards 237
43. Installation of Control Wiring 239
44. Fanning and Connection of Wires and Cables at Terminal Blocks 246
45. Mounting of Storage Batleries 250

Chapter 7. INSTALLATION OF PROTECTIVE EARTHING SYSTEMS 254

46. Protective Earthing of Indoor Substations 254
47. Protective Earthing of Outdoor Substations 257

Chapter 8. ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN SWITCHGEAR INSTALLATION 258

48. General 258
49. Safety Rules for Use of Hand Тоої5 259
50. Safety Rules for Hoisting 259
51. Safety Rules for the Installation of Main Electrical Equipment 260

Chapter 9. ERECTION OF OVERHEAD POWER LINES 261

92. Elements of Overhead Lines and Erection Procedure 261
53. Support Erection 263
54. Installation of Conductors and Earth-wires 269
55. Safety Rules Гог Installation of Conductors and Earth-wires 283
56. Lightning Protection of Overhead Lines 283

PART TWO
Operation and Maintenance of Station, Substation and Line Equipment

Chapter 10. ORGANISATION OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 285

57. Scope and Principles 285
58. The Electrical Maintenance Department of an Electric Power Station and Its Functions 287
59. Training of Operating and Maintenance Personnel 289

Chapter 11. SWITCHING OPERATIONS .291

60. General 291
61. Operation of Isolators 292
62. Examples of Simple Switchings 294
63. Examples of Multiple Switchings 297

Chapter 12. SWITCHGEAR MAINTENANCE 300

64. Switchgear Inspection 300
65. Preventive Maintenance 301
66. Notes on Switchgear Repair 307
67. Overhaul of a Type BM𝚪-133 Minimum-oil Circuit Breaker 308
68. Overhaul of а Type M𝚪-229 Oil Circuit Breaker 313
69. Overhaul of Type BM-35 and BMД-35 Oil Circuit Breakers 316
70. Overhaul of an MK𝚷-35 Oil Circuit Breaker 317
71. Overhaul of an M𝚪-110 Oil Circuit Breaker 318
72. Overhaul of an MKII-110 Oil Circuit Breaker 322
73. Maintenance of Air-blast Circuit Breakers 325
74. Possible Troubles in the Main Types of Circuit Breakers
and Their Remedy. 321

Chapter 13. POWER TRANSFORMER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 328

15. Transformer Oil Maintenance 328
76. Transformer Overloads 330
77. Transformer [Inspection 331
78. Maintenance of the Buchholz Relay 333
79. Transformer Repair 334

Chapter 14. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ALTERNATORS 336

80. General 336
81. Abnormal Operating Conditions and Troubles of Generators 341
82. Generator Preventive. Maintenance 343
83. Generator Repair 344

Chapter 15. MAINTENANCE OF OVERHEAD LINES 346

84. General 346
85. Inspection of Overhead Lines 346
86. Maintenance Tests on Overhead Lines 350
87. Line Repair 356
88. Repair of Hot Overhead Lines 357

Chapter 16. ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF POWER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT 372

89. General 372
90. Technical and Organisational Measures for Ensuring Safety 372
91. Protective Aids Used in Electrical Installations 379
92. First Aid in Cases of Electric Shock 390

Appendix: List of Russian-English Transliterations 395

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Textbook of Physiology – Bykov (Ed.)

Posted on January 8, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book  by K.M. Bykov; G.Y. Vladimirov; V.V. Delov; G.P. Konradi; A.D. Slonim; K. M. Bykov (Ed.).

About the book

The first edition of this text-book of physiology appeared in 1939. It was reprinted in the difficult war years, while in 1951-53 much of it was rewritten. For the present edition some parts have been abridged and a number of changes and additions made.
In preparing this text-book, the authors sought to reflect as fully as possible all the fundamentally new ideas introduced into physiology by I. P. Pavlov, our teacher and renowned naturalist. Pavlov paved the way for an understanding of the physiological processes in an integral, normal organism that is in natural contact with Ihc external environment. This was achieved by Pavlov not only by introducing and systematically applying his absolutely novel methods of research. Of still greater importance in the creation of a new physiology—the physiology of an integral organism—was Pavlov’s new principle of investigation: this required that all phenomena in an organism be studied in their dependence on the nervous system which through reflexes establishes all the connections of the animal organism with surrounding nature. Precisely this principle underlies Pavlov’s great teaching on conditioned reflexes, which extended ihe principle of scientific determinism to a comprehension of the most intricate phenomena in the world—a knowledge of all forms of activity of the higher parts of the brain, including consciousness.
From this it follows (and we have endeavoured to show il) that the integrating activity of the nervous system, in the true sense of the word, can be understood only if we examine the nervous activity in its entirety as based on the reflex mechanism, in the new, Pavlovian concept. Normally each reflex act is an indissoluble union of conditioned .and unconditioned reflexes; these reflex acts determine the character and course of all physiological processes which depend on the concrete conditions of the existence of animals and of man’s activity.
Such are the fundamental principles which we have tried, within the limits of available factual material, to reflect in this book. The authors realize that; so far they have not fully coped with their task. However, their attempt is justified if only by the fact that even an outline oT the significance of the principles underlying Pavlov’s teaching may in a certain measure help to disseminate them.

The book was translated from Russian by S. Belsky and D. Myshne  and translation was edited by D. Myshne. The book was published in  by Foreign Languages Publishing House in 1958.

Note: The scan is not of a good resolution but is readable most of the times. The book was scanned under Digital Library of India project. Some of the figures (especially the plates in grayscale and portraits) are not readable due to black and white nature of the original scan.We have cleaned and optimised the original scan as much as possible.

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Contents

Preface

PART I Fundamental Concepts of Physiology (K. Bykor and G. Konradi)

Chapter 1. The Subject and Brief History of Physiology 1

Chapter 2. General Characteristics of Principal Vital Phenomena 29

Chapter 3. Regulation of Physiological Functions 43

PART II Blood and Lymph (G. Vladimirov)

Chapter 4. General Characteristics of the Blood 46

Chapter 5. Blood Plasma 50

Chapter 6. The Blood Corpuscles 59

Chapter 7. Regulation of the Blood System 70

Chapter 8. The Lymph 74

PART III Circulation (G. Konradi)

Chapter 9. General Information on Circulation 78

Chapter 10. Pumping Function of the Heart 82

Chapter 11. Physical Phenomena Connected with Cardiac Activity. Cardiac Sounds 91

Chapter 12. Origin and Propagation of Excitation in the Heart. Force of Cardiac Contractions 97

Chapter 13. Regulation of Cardiac Activity 110

Chapter 14. Work of the Heart Under Various Conditions ss the mene Vital Activity 126

Chapter 15. Movement of the Blood Antes the Vessels 130

Chapter 16. Mechanisms Regulating the Vascular Tone 149

Chapter 17. Reflex Regulation of Circulation 160

Chapter 18. Circulatory Changes in Various States of the Body 174

Chapter 19. Peculiarities of Circulation in Certain Vascular Regions 175

PART IV Respiration (G. Konradi)

Chapter 20. Pulmonary Respiration 182

Chapter 21. Respiratory Function of the Blood and Tissue Respiration (G. Vladimirov and G. Konradi) 194

Chapter 22. Regulation of Respiration 210

Chapter 23. Hypoxia and Effect of Altered Atmospheric Pressure on the Body 223

PART V Digestion (K. Bykov)

Chapter 24. Characteristics of Digestion and Foods 234

Chapter 25. Digestion in the Oral Cavity 239

Chapter 26. Digestion in the Stomach 254

Chapter 27. Function of the Pancreas 274

Chapter 28. Secretion and Excretion of Bile 282

Chapter 29. Digestion in the Small and Large Intestines 287

PART VI Absorption (K. Bykov)

Chapter 30. Absorption 301

PART VII Metabolism and Vitamins (G. Vladimiror)

Chapter 31. Metabolism 311

Chapter 32. Vitamins 324

Chapter 33. Mineral and Water Metabolism 333

PART VIII Energy Exchange (A. Slonim)

Chapter 34. Energy Exchange in the Organism 341

Chapter 35. Heat Exchange and Regulation of the Body Temperature
Heat Exchange Between the Body and the External Environment 370

PART IX Excretory Processes (G. Konradi)

Chapter 36. Excretory Function of Kidneys 388

Chapter 37. Rate of Urine production and regulation of Renal Activity 404

PART X Physiology of the Endocrine Glands (G. Vladimirov)

Chapter 39. Methods of Investigating the Functions of the Endocrine Glands 416

Chapter 40. Internal Secretion of the Thyroid and the Parathyroids
Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism 418

Chapter 41. Internal Secretion of the Pancreas 423

Chapter 42. Internal Secretion of the Adrenals 426

Chapter 43. Internal Secretion of the Hypophysis, Epiphysis and Other Glands 429

Chapter 44. Regulation of Endocrine Activity

PART XI Functions of the Sex Glands and Reproduction (A. Slonim)

Chapter 45. Functions of the Sex Glands 436

Chapter 46. Physiological Processes of Reproduction 450

PART XII Physiology of the Muscles and Nerves (V. Delov)

Chapter 47. Physiology of the Muscles 460

Chapter 48. Physiology of the Nerve 482

Chapter 49. Excitability of Nerves and Muscles 487

Chapter 50. The Excitatory Process 501

PART XIII Activity of the Nervous System (G. Konradi)

A. General Characteristics of the Central Nervous System and Theory of Reflexes 516

Chapter 51. Development of the Physiology of the Central Nervous System. 516

Chapter 52. General Characteristics of Reflex Activity 523

Chapter 53. Characteristics of the Excitatory Processes in the
Central Nervous System 536

Chapter 54. Coordination of Reflex Actvity and Phenomena of Central Inhibition 543

Chapter 55. Connections of Nervous Centres with Receptors and Effectors 555

Chapter 56. Vegetative Nervous System 558

Chapter 57. Functions of the Spinal Cord 567

Chapter 58. Functions of Medulla Oblongata 584

Chapter 59. Functions of Midbrain, Cerebellum and Diencephalon 588

Chapter 60. General Characteristics of Conditioned Reflexes and Coupling 605

Chapter 61. Inhibitory Processes in Cerebral Cortex 628

Chapter 62. Interrelations Between Excitatory and Inhibitory Processes in Cerebral Cortex. Analysing and Synthesizing Activity 640

Chapter 63. Types of Nervous System and Functional Pathology of
Cortical Activity 646

Chapter 64. Functions of Various Regions of Cerebral Cortex 651

Chapter 65. Characteristic Features of Higher Nervous Activity in Man 666

PART XIV Analysers (Sense Organs) (V. Delov)

Chapter 66. General Characteristics of Analysers 671

Chapter 67. Cutaneous Reception 678

Chapter 68. Olfaction and Taste 684

Chapter 69. Internal Analysers 690

Chapter 70. Vision 697

Chapter 71. Audition 724

PARTXV Voice and Speech (V. Delov)

Chapter 72. Voice 740
Chapter 73. Speech 744

Subject index 748

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An Elementary Introduction to The Theory of Probability – Gnedenko, Khinchin

Posted on January 7, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book An Elementary Introduction To The Theory Of Probability by B. V. Gnedenko and A. Ya. Khinchin

About the book

This compact volume equips the reader with all the facts and principles essential to a fundamental understanding of the theory of probability. It is an introduction, no more: throughout the book the authors discuss the theory of probability for situations having only a finite number of possibilities, and the mathematics employed is held to the elementary level. But within its purpose is  restricted range it is extremely thorough, well organized, and absolutely authoritative. It is the only English translation of the latest revised Russian edition; and it is the only current translation on the market that has been checked and approved by Gnedenko himself.
After explaining in simple terms the meaning of the concept of probability and the means by which an event is declared to be in practice, impossible, the authors take up the processes involved in the calculation of probabilities. They survey the rules for addition and multiplication of probabilities, the concept of conditional probability, the formula for total probability, Bayes’s formula, Bernoulli’s scheme and theorem, the concepts of random variables, insuffciency of the mean value for the characterization of a random variable, methods of measuring the variance of a random variable, theorems on the standard deviation, the Chebyshev inequality, normal laws of distribution, distribution curves, properties of normal distribution curves, and related topics.
The book is unique in that, while there are several high school and college textbooks available on this subject, there is no other popular treatment for the layman that contains quite the same material presented with the same degree of clarity and authenticity. The reader who shies away from oversimplified popularizations may be sure that in this book he is getting a perfectly reliable scientific treatment. Anyone who desires a fundamental grasp of this increasingly important subject cannot do better than to start with this book.

The book was translated from Russian by Leo F. Boron an edited by Sidney F. Mack and was published in 1962.

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Contents

PART I. PROBABILITIES

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT 3

1. The concept of probability 3
2. Impossible and certain events 8
3. Problem 9

CHAPTER 2. RULE FOR THE ADDITION OF PROBABILITIES 11

4. Derivation of the rule for the addition of probabilities 11
5. Complete system of events 13
6. Examples 16

CHAPTER 3. CONDITIONAL PROBABILITIES AND THE MULTIPLICATION RULE 18

7. The concept of conditional probability 18
8. Derivation of the rule for the multiplication of probabilities 20
9. Independent events 21

CHAPTER 4. CONSEQUENCES OF THE ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION RULES 27

10. Derivation of certain inequalities 27
11. Formula for total probability 29
12. Bayes’s formula 32

CHAPTER 5. BERNOULLI’s SCHEME 38

13. Examples 38
14. The Bernoulli formulas 40
15. The most probable number of occurrences of an event 43

CHAPTER 6. BERNOULLI’S THEOREM 49

16. Content of Bernoulli’s theorem 49
17. Proof of Bernoulli’s theorem 50

PART II. RANDOM VARIABLES

CHAPTER 7. RANDOM VARIABLES AND DISTRIBUTION LAWS 59

18. The concept of random variable 59
19. The concept of law of distribution 61

CHAPTER 8. MEAN VALUES 65

20. Determination of the mean value of a random variable 65

CHAPTER 9. MEAN VALUE OF A SUM AND OF A PRODUCT 74

21. Theorem on the mean value of a sum 74
22. Theorem on the mean value of a product 77

CHAPTER 10. DISPERSION AND MEAN DEVIATIONS 80

23. Insufficiency of the mean value for the characterization of a random variable 80
24. Various methods of measuring the dissension of a random variable 81
25. Theorems on the standard deviation 87

CHAPTER 11. LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS 93

26. Chebyshev’s inequality 93
27. Law of large numbers 94
28. Proof of the law of large numbers 97

CHAPTER 12. NORMAL LAWS 100

29. Formulation of the problem 100
30. Concept of a distribution curve 102
31. Properties of normal distribution curves 105
32. Solution of problems 111

CONCLUSION 118

APPENDIX. Table of values of the function 𝛷(a) 123

BIBLIOGRAPHY 125

INDEX 129

 

 

 

 

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