Heredity And Its Variability – Lysenko

In this post, we will see the book Heredity And Its Variability by T. D. Lysenko.

About the book

A book on now discarded ideas of Soviet scientist Lysenko on variability and heredity. The classic of Stalinist aberrant genetic theory, horticulturist Lysenko rejected orthodox genetics in favor of the theories of those of the Russian horticulturist I. V. Michurin (d. 1935). Among his theories were that wheat raised under certain conditions produce seeds of rye and that theoretical biology must be fused with Soviet agricultural practice. He was the total autocrat of Soviet biology from 1948 through 1953, and believed that through inherited characteristics Stalinism would create a ‘new man’. Lysenko held that heredity can be changed by husbandry, a theory that had disastrous impact on Soviet agriculture. He was dismissed from his post as director of the Soviet Institute of Genetics.

The book was translated from Russian (translator’s name is not given) was published in  by Foreign Languages Publishing House in 1951.

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Contents

The Essence of Heredity 5

The Essence of Variability. Growth and Development 13

Individual Development of the Organism 21

Organism and Environment 29

Directed Change in the Breed of Organisms 46

Vegetative Hybrids 63

Abolition of the Conservatism of the Nature of Organisms 81

The Sexual Process 104

Categories, Groups and Forms of Heredity 117

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Light Scattering In Planetary Atmospheres – Sobolev

In this post, we will see the book Light Scattering In Planetary Atmospheres by V. V. Sobolev.

About the book

Theoretical astrophysicists have been developing radiative transfer theory for a long time. However, they have been primarily concerned with stellar atmospheres, within which the scattering of light is isotropic. In the atmospheres of the planets, light scattering by an elemen­tary volume is anisotropic. This fact severely complicates the theory. Nevertheless, in recent years the theory of radiative transfer for anisotropic scattering has made considerable pro­gress and has been increasingly used in the study of planetary atmospheres. The present monograph has been written for the purpose of summarizing the results of work in this area.

The monograph is concerned mainly with the theory of radiative transfer for anisotropic scattering. The first eight chapters deal with the general problem of multiple scattering of light in an atmosphere consisting of plane-parallel layers illuminated by parallel radiation.

In the following two chapters, the theory is applied to the determination of the physical characteristics of planetary atmospheres. The last chapter discusses the theory of radiative transfer in spherical atmospheres, which is necessary for the interpretation of observations made from spacecraft.

The emphasis in the monograph on the theory rather than its application is easily understood; the theory is designed not only for the interpretation of existing observational data, but also for that to be gathered in the future. One must also bear in mind that the theory of radiative transfer is utilized in related sciences, such as meteorology and oceanology, and also in certain branches of physics and chemistry.

The book was translated from Russian by was published in  by Publishers.

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Contents

Chapter 1 Basic Equations 1

1.1 The scattering of light by an elementary volume 1
1.2 The equation of radiative transfer 5
1.3 The Basic Problem 8
1.4 Integral equations for the Source Function 12
1.5 The diffuse radiation field 15
1.6 The case of pure scattering 19
1.7 Methods for solving the problem 21

Chapter 2 Semi-infinite Atmospheres 24

2.1 The Radiation field in Deep Layers (Relative intensity of radiation) 24
2.2 Diffuse reflection of light 29
2.3 Diffuse transmission of light 35
2.4 The Radiation field in Deep Layers (Absolute Intensity) 41
2.5 The Atmospheric albedo for small true absorption 43
2.6 The Other Quantities in the case of small true absorption 46

Chapter 3 Atmospheres of Finite Optical Thickness 52

3.1 Diffuse reflection and transmission of light 52
3.2 Dependence of the reflections and transmission coefficients on optical thickness 57
3.3 Atmospheres of large optical thickness 60
3.4 Asymptotic formulas for auxiliary functions 65
3.5 Inhomogeneous atmospheres 66

Chapter 4 Atmospheres overlying a reflecting surface 74

4.1 Basic equations 74
4.2 The case of isotropic reflection 78
4.3 The albedo of the Atmosphere and Illumination of the surface 80
4.4 The spherical albedo of the planet 83
4.5 Specular reflection of light 86

Chapter 5 General Theory 89

5.1 Transformation of the basic integral equation 89
5.2 The Auxiliary equation 93
5.3 The function H^{n}(𝜂) 94
5.4 The fundamental function 𝛷^{m}(𝜏) 99
5.5 Particular cases 102

Chapter 6 General Theory (continued) 107

6.1 Expression of the source function in terms of auxiliary functions 107
6.2 The fundamental function 𝛷^{m}(𝜏, 𝜏_{0}) 109
6.3 112
6.4 Particular cases 115
6.5 Equations containing derivatives with respect to 𝜏_{0} 119
6.6 Atmospheres of large optical thickness 121

Chapter 7 Linear Integral equations for the reflection and transmission coefficients 126

7.1 Semi-infinite atmospheres 126
7.2 The radiation intensity averages over azimuth 131
7.3 Expressions in terms of the functions H^{n}(𝜂) 133
7.4 The case of three-term phase function 136
7.5 Numerical results 140
7.6 Atmospheres of finite optical thickness 143
7.7 Expressions in terms of the functions X^{m}(𝜂) and Y^{m}(𝜂) 147
7.8 The case of a two-term phase function 149

Chapter 8 Approximate Formulas 153

8.1 The use of integral relations 153
8.2 Some inequalities 156
8.3 Similarity relations 158
8.4 Directional averaging of the radiation intensity 161
8.5 The case of pure scattering 164
8.6 The Effect of the Reflection of Light by a Surface 167
8.7 The radiation field for Highly anisotropic scattering 169

Chapter 9 The radiation emerging from a planet 174

9.1 The distribution of brightness across a planetary disc 175
9.2 Dependance of planetary brightness on phase angle 177
9.3 Planetary spectra for different points on the disc 180
9.4 Planetary spectra for different phase angles 185
9.5 polarization of light from a planet 189

Chapter 10 Optical Properties of Planetary atmospheres 195

10.1 Interpretation of the photometric observations of Venus 195
10.2 Interpretation of polarimetric observations of Venus 198
10.3 The Atmosphere of the Earth 202
10.4 The Atmosphere of Mars 205
10.5 The Atmospheres of Giant Planets 207
Addendum 210

Chapter 11 Spherical Atmospheres 212

11.1 The Integral equation for the source function in the case of isotropic scattering 212
11.2 The basic equations of anisotropic scattering 218
11.3 Solution of the equation in particular case 221
11.4 The case of an absorption coefficient exponentially decreasing with altitude 224
11.5 Spacecraft observations of planets 231

Concluding remarks 235

Appendix 239

Author Index 250

Subject Index 253

 

 

 

 

 

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Essays On The Patho Physiology Of The Higher Nervous Activity (According To P. P. Pavlov And His School) -. Ivanov-Smolensky

In this post, we will see the book Essays On The Patho Physiology Of The Higher Nervous Activity (According To P. P. Pavlov And His School) by A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky.

About the book

This translation has been made from the second revised and supplemented Rus­sian edition, published by the State Med­ical Publishing House, Moscow 1952.
On the occasion of the centenary of Pavlov’s birthday (September 27, 1949) the author of this book lakes the liberty of attempting to fill this gap in the patho-physiologv of the higher nervous activity; his aim is to expound in a number of essays the basic achievements of this young branch of science and to give an outline of its development in the Pavlov school (including its ramifica­tions) up to our time.
In the preface to the third edition of the lectures on the Work of the Cerebral Hemispheres published in No­vember 1935, Pavlov wrote: “My new systematic exposi­tion of the whole of our experimental material in the shape of one book will require much labour, and I regard it as my last scientific task. It will take years to complete this work. If only fate will be so kind as to preserve for me at my age the vigour that will enable me to carry out this important duty of my life!’
Death prevented Pavlov from carrying out this desire.
In the Essays on the Patho-Physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity the author tries, to the best of his ability, to carry out, even in small measure, Pavlov’s will; the author regards this as his duty to Russian science and to his late teacher.

The book was translated from Russian by S. Belsky and was published in 1954 by Foreign Languages Publishing House.

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Contents

CONTENTS

Preface to the First Edition 9
Introduction 13

Essay I. Pathological Changes in The Higher Nervous Activity, Caused by Experimental Lesions (Extirpation) of the Cerebral Hemispheres in Animals 23

1. From Experimental Psycho-pathology Based ON The Study of Animals to the Patho-physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity 25

2. The Main Features of the Activity of the Cerebral Hemispheres 29

3. Pavlov’s Basic Views on the Localization of Functions in the Higher Parts of the Central Nervous System 39

4. General and Local Disturbances of the Work of the Brain Resulting from Injury to Various Parts of the Cerebral Hemispheres 48

5. Various Stages of Disturbances of the Cerebral Activity Resulting from Injury to the Cerebral Hemispheres 53

6. The Study of the Higher Nervous Activity Under Experimentally Induced Damage to the Brain Conducted After Pavlov’s Death 66

7. The Possibility of Applying the Experimental Data Cited in the Previous Chapters to Man 73

Essay II. Pathological Changes of the Higher Nervous Activity in Animals Resulting from Functional Influences 79

1. Experimental Neuroses 81

2. The Theory of Types of Higher Nervous Activity and Experimental Neuroses 83

3. The First Stage in the Development of the Theory of Experimental Neuroses 96

4. Phasic Changes of the Cortical Activity or Intermediate States Between Wakefulness and Sleep 106

5. The Further Development of the Theory of Pathological Changes in the Higher Nervous Activity Caused by Functional Influences 113

6. Vegetative Disturbances Connected With Experimental Neuroses 128

7. General and Local Disturbances Resulting from Experimentally Induced Functional Disorders of the Brain 138

8. Pathological Changes of the Higher Nervous Activity Connected With Experimentally Induced Disturbances of the Endocrine and Vegetative Functions 152

9. Pathological Changes of the Higher Nervous Activity Resulting from Various Forms of Experimental Intoxication and from Certain Infections 168

10. Experimental Therapy of Disturbances of the Higher Nervous Activity Caused by Various Noxious Functional Influences 187

11. The Connection Between Experimental Pathology of the Higher Nervous Activity and Experimental Therapy 200

Essay III. Investigations in the Sphere of the Clinical Patho-physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity 203

1. The Basic Stages in Pavlov’s Approximation to the Clinic of Neuropsychic Diseases 205

2. The Basic Principles of Pavlov’s Work in the Sphere of Clinical Patho-physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity 210

3. Pavlov’s Views on the Types of Human Higher Nervous Activity 218

4. The Significance of the Theory of Experimental Neuroses for the Clinic of Human General Neuroses 224

5. General Review of the Investigations Conducted by Pavlov and his Collaborators in the Neurosis Clinic 235

6. The Basic Principles of Pavlov’s Pathophysiological Work in the Psycitatric Clinic 253

7. Pavlov’s Research Into the Disturbances of the Higher Nervous Activity Under Schizophrenia 264

8. The Main Lines of Research in Pavlov’s Psychiatric Clinic During his Lifetime and After his Death 274

9. The Work of Pavlov and his Collaborators in the Sphere of the Pathogenic Therapy of Neuropsychical Diseases 280

Conclusion 295

Index of Literature 301

 

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Applied Problems In Probability Theory – Wentzel, Ovcharov

In this post, we will see the book Applied Problems In Probability Theory by E. Wentzel and L. Ovcharov.

About the book

This book is based on many years of experience of teaching probability theory and its applications at higher educational establishments. It contains many of the problems we ourselves encountered in our

research and consultative work. The problems are related to a variety of fields including electrical engineering, radio engineering, data transmission, computers, information systems, reliability of technical devices, preventive maintenance and repair, accuracy of apparatus, consumer service, transport, and the health service.  The text is divided into eleven chapters; each of winch begins with a short theoretical introduction which is followed by relevant formulas.

The problems differ both in the fields of application and in difficulty.

At the beginning of each chapter the reader will find comparatively simple problems whose purpose is to help the reader grasp the fundamental concepts and acquire and consolidate the experience of applying probabilistic methods. Then follow more complicated applied problems, which can be solved only after the requisite theoretical knowledge has been acquired and the necessary techniques mastered.

The book was translated from Russian by Irene Aleksanova and was published in 1986 by Mir Publishers.

Original scan by DLI. Note: Scan quality is inconsistent and is poor (but mostly readable) at places. I will try to get a better scan soon.

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Contents

Authors’ Preface
Preface to the English Edition 7

Chapter 1
Fundamental Concepts of Probability Theory. Direct Calculation of Probability in an Urn Model 9

Chapter 2
Algebra of Events, Rules for Adding and Multiplying Probabilities 29

Chapter 3
The Total Probability Formula and Bayes’s Theorem 65

Chapter 4
Discrete Random Variables &6

Chapter 5
Continuous and Mixed Random Variables 112

Chapter 6
Systems of Random Variables (Random Vectors} 144

Chapter 7
Numerical Characteristics of Functions of Random Variables 466

Chapter 8
Distributions of Functions of Random Variables, The Limit Theorems of Probability Theory 217

Chapter 9
Random Functions 260

Chapter 10
Flows of Events. Markov Stochastic Processes 324

Chapter 11
Queueing Theory 863

Appendices 420

Bibliography 432

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Mathematical Handbook – Higher Mathematics – Vygodsky

In this post, we will see the book Mathematical Handbook – Higher Mathematics by M. Vygodsky. We had earlier seen the Mathematical Handbook – Elementary Mathematics by the same author.

About the book

This handbook is a continuation of the Handbook of Elementary Mathematics by the same author and includes material usually studied in mathematics courses of higher educational institutions.
The designation of this handbook is two fold.

Firstly, it is a reference work in which the reader can find definitions (what is a vector product?) and factual information, such as how to find the surface of a solid of revolution or how to expand a function in a trigonometric series, and so on. Definitions, theorems, rules and formulas (accompanied by examples and practical hints) are readily found by reference to the comprehensive index or table of contents.

Secondly, the handbook is intended for systematic reading. It does not take the place of a textbook and so full proofs are only given in exceptional cases. However, it can well serve as material for a first acquaintance with the subject. For this purpose, detailed explanations are given of basic concepts, such as that of a scalar product (Sec. 104), limit (Secs. 203~206), the differential (Secs. 228-235), or infinite series (Secs. 270, 366-370). All rules are abundantly illustrated with examples, which form an integral part of the hand­book (see Secs. 50-62, 134, 149, 264-266, 369, 422, 498, and others). Explanations indicate how to proceed when a rule ceases to be valid; they also point out errors to be avoided (see Secs. 290, 339, 340, 379, and others).

The theorems and rules are also accompanied by a wide range of explanatory material. In some cases, emphasis is placed on bringing out the content of a theorem to facilitate a grasp of the proof. At other times, special examples are illustrated and the reasoning is such as to provide a complete proof of the theorem if applied to the general case (see Secs. 148, 149, 369, 374). Occasionally, the explanation simply refers the reader to the sections on which the proof is based. Material given in small print may be omitted in a first read­ing however, this does not mean it is not important.

Considerable attention has been paid to the historical background of mathematical entities, their origin and development. This very often helps the user to place the subject matter in its proper perspective. Of particular interest in this respect are Secs. 270, 366 together with Secs. 271, 383, 399, and 400, which, it is hoped, will give the reader a clearer understanding of Taylor’s series than is usually obtainable in a formal exposition. Also, biographical information from the lives of mathematicians has been included where deemed advisable.

The book was translated from Russian by George Yankovsky was published in 1987 (fifth reprint)  by Mir Publishers.

You can get the book here.

PS: I am thinking of putting this handbook (along with elementary mathematics one) and the ones on physics by Detlaf/Yavorsky as a dedicated website for ready referencing on the internet. This will also create persistent URLs for particular concepts which can be readily referred to. Ideas on what framework/technology to use are welcome. As of now, I have thought of creating the website in plain html with mathml support, but please do suggest any other framework which might be more suitable for the project.

Continue reading

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Introduction To Elementary Particle Theory – Novozhilov

In this post, we will see the book Introduction To Elementary Particle Theory by Yu. V. Novozhilov.

About the book

The present book is meant as an introduction to such a constructive theory of elementary particles. The author hopes that such a book will be useful as a complement to other texts on elementary particle theory.

The book consists of four parts. The introductory Part I acquaints the reader with the basic description of elementary particles. In Part II questions of relativistic quantum me­chanics and kinematics are set forth; Part III is devoted to the problem of internal symmetry, and Part IV to those new dynamical approaches which are likely to have the greatest influ­ence on the development of theory in the future. Quantum electrodynamics and renormalization are excluded from the present book, as these questions are contained in the standard quantum theory of fields. The author does not give a systematic review of experimental data, but cites only the information essential to illustrate the pattern of phenomena and to connect theory with experiment. The Appendix contains tables of particles, but the reader’s main reference on particle properties should be special annual reviews.

The list of references contains only those works which, in the author’s opinion, are basic. The reader may acquaint himself with a more complete list in books and in reviews referred to here. The plan of the book essentially follows the program of courses on elementary particle theory given in the Physics Faculty of Leningrad University.

The reader must be familiar with nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and classical relativity theory. It would also be very useful to have a preliminary acquaintance with the fundamentals of the Lagrangian formulation of quantum field theory and with Feynman diagrams. A course in elementary particle field theory usually is preceded by a short course on group theory. We thus assume that the basic facts of group theory are known to the reader.

The book was translated from Russian by Jonathan Rosner was published in 1975.

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Contents

Preface ix

Author’s Preface to The English Edition xi

Translator’s Preface xii

Nomenclature xiii

Chapter 1 Elements of Relativistic Quantum Theory 3

§ 1.1 Homogeneity of space-time and the Poincaré group 4
§ 1.2 Quantum Mechanics and Relativity 7
§ 1.3 Basic Quantities 14

Chapter 2 Foundations of Phenomenological Description 24

§ 2.1 Interactions and Internal Symmetry 25
§ 2.2 Symmetry and Particle Classification 29
§ 2.3 Unstable Particles 31

Chapter 3 The Lorentz Group and The Group SL(2,c) 41

§ 3.1 Second-order unimodular matrices and the Lorentz Transformation 41
§ 3.2 Spinors 46
§ 3.3 Irreducible representations and generalized spinor analysis 50
§ 3.4 Direct products of representations and covariant Clebsch-Gordon coefficients 55
§ 3.5 Representation of the unitary group SU_{2}

Chapter 4 The Quantum Mechanical Poincaré Group 60

§ 4.1 Introductory Remarks 60
§ 4.2 Transformation and Momenta. The little group and Wigner operator 62
§ 4.3 Unitary representations. Case m^2 > 0 67
§ 4.4 Spinor functions and quantum fields for m^{2} > 0 73
§ 4.5 Unitary representations in the case m = 0. Equations of motion. 79

Chapter 5 Wave Functions and Equations of Motion for Particles with Arbitrary Spin 90

§ 5.1 Wave functions, bilinear Hermitian forms, and equations of motion 91
§ 5.2 The Dirac Equation 94
§ 5.3 2(2J+1)-component functions of spin 105
§ 5.4 Particles with spin J = 1 107
§ 5.5 Rarita-Schwinger Wave Functions 109
§ 5.6 Bargman-Schwinger Wave Functions 113
§ 5.7 The Duffin-Kemmer Equation 116

Chapter 6 Reflections 118

§ 6.1 Total Reflection 𝜃, or CPT 119
§ 6.2 Operations P, C, and T 129
§ 6.3 Reflections and Interactions. Decay 136
§ 6.4 Summary of Formulae for Reflection Transformation 142

Chapter 7 Scattering Matrix Kinematics 146

§ 7.1 The problem of kinematics 146
§ 7.2 The variables s, t, and u 148
§ 7.3 Cross sections for processes. Unitarity and optical theorem 153
§ 7.4 Helicity amplitudes 158
§ 7.5 Spinor amplitudes (ℳ-functions) and invariant amplitudes 162

Chapter 8 Isospin Symmetry 175

§ 8.1 Isospin multiplets, hypercharge and the group SU_{2} 175
§ 8.2 Isospins and reflections. Antiparticle states. G-parity 179
§ 8.3 Multiparticle states and isospin amplitudes. Decays and relations between reactions 184

Chapter 9 The Group SU_{3} 190

§ 9.1 The Matrices 𝝀_{a} and structure constants 190
§ 9.2 The fundamental representation and quarks. U- and V- spin. 193
§ 9.3 Representations of Group SU_{3} 196

Chapter 10 SU_{3} Symmetry and the Classification of Particles and Resonances 204

§ 10.1 Unitary Representations and Multiplets 204
§ 10.2 Symmetry breaking and mass splitting 212
§ 10.3 Relations between transition amplitudes 215
§ 10.4 The Quark Model 219

Chapter 11 The S-Matrix, Current, And Crossing Symmetry 229

§ 11.1 Interpolating fields, currents, and the reduction formula 229
§ 11.2 Crossing symmetry 235
§ 11.3 Crossing matrices for SU_{2} and SU_{3} 240
§ 11.4 Properties of vertex parts 242

Chapter 12 Analytic Properties of The Scattering Amplitude 247

§ 12.1 Unitarity and absorptive part 247
§ 12.2 Maximal Analyticity 254
§ 12.3 Dispersion Relations 257
§ 12.4 Partial Wave amplitude and fixed energy dispersion relations. The Gribov-Froissart Formular 263
§ 12.5 Analytic properties of form factors. The pion form factor 270

Chapter 13 Asymptotic Behavior of the Scattering Amplitude at High Energies. Regge Poles 277

§ 13.1 Scattering at High Energies (experiment) 277
§ 13.2 Bounds on amplitudes at high energies 281
§ 13.3 The Regge-pole hypothesis and the asymptotic form of the amplitude 286
§ 13.4 Simplest consequences of Regge-pole hypothesis. The diffraction peak and total cross section 294
§ 13.5 Properties of Regge Trajectories 302

Chapter 14 Duality and Veneziano Model 310

§ 14.1 Finite Energy Sum Rules 310
§ 14.2 Duality. Duality diagrams 315
§ 14.3 The Veneziano Model 320
§ 14.4 Some applications of the Veneziano model 323

Chapter 15 Electromagnetic and Weak Currents. Current Algebra 328

§ 15.1 Electromagnetic and weak currents 328
§ 15.2 The Gell-Mann algebra of densities and charges. The groups SU_{2} × SU_{2} and SU_{3} × SU_{3} 336
§ 15.3 Partial Conservation of Axial Current 339
§ 15.4 Renormalization of the axial vector coupling constant 343
§ 15.5 Asymptotic chiral symmetry and spectral sum rules 346
§ 15.6 Violation of CP invariance 351

Appendix 359

References 375

Index 381

 

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Kinetic Theory Of Nonideal Gases And Nonideal Plasmas – Klimontovich

In this post, we will see the book Kinetic Theory Of Nonideal Gases And Nonideal Plasmas by Yu. L. Klimontovich.

About the book

The book consists of three parts. The first part is devoted to the classi­cal kinetic theory of nonideal gases, the second to the classical kinetic theory of fully ionized plasmas, and the third to the quantum kinetic theory of nonideal gases and plasmas. The concluding chapter presents a short account of the kinetic theory of chemically reacting systems and of partially ionized plasmas. This chapter was included in order to indicate some directions of further generalizations of the present results, and to attract attention upon this important and interesting problem.

The main stress is laid here on the fundamental aspects of the theory. Relatively little space is given to the applications. Whenever possible, the reader is directed towards additional literature.

The book was translated from Russian by R. Balescu was published in 1982.

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Contents

Preface ix

Part I Kinetic Theory of Non-Ideal Gases 1

Chapter 1. The Method of Distribution Functions and Method of Moments 5

Chapter 2. The Boltzmann Kinetic Equation for Nonideal Gases 31

Chapter 3. Kinetic Equations for Dense Gases 63

Chapter 4. Kinetic Theory of Fluctuations in Gases 87

Part II Kinetic Theory of Nonideal Fully Ionized Plasmas 107

Chapter 5. The Microscopic Equations for a fully Ionized Plasma and Their Average 111

Chapter 6. Kinetic Equations for the Plasma in the First Moment Approximation. The Vlasov Equation 125

Chapter 7. Kinetic Equations for the Ideal Fully Ionized Plasma 139

Chapter 8. Effect of External Field on the Kinetic Properties of Plasmas 169

Chapter 9. The Spatially Homogenous Nonideal Plasma 199

Chapter 10. The Spatially Inhomogenous Nonideal Plasma 229

Chapter 11. Kinetic Theory of Fluctuations in a Plasma 237

Part III Quantum Kinetic Equations for Nonideal Gases and Nonideal Plasmas 251

Chapter 12. Quantum Kinetic Equations for Nonideal Gases 253

Chapter 13. Quantum Kinetic Equations for Plasmas 267

Chapter 14. Kinetic Equations for Partially Ionized Plasmas and for Chemically Reacting Gases 285

References 305

Index 315

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Analytical Heat Diffusion Theory – Luikov

In this post, we will see the book Analytical Heat Diffusion Theory by A. V. Luikov.

About the book

This work is a revised edition of an earlier book by Academician Luikov which was widely used throughout the Soviet Union and the surrounding socialist countries. The presentation is unique in that it not only treats heat conduction problems by the classical methods such as separation of variables, but, in addition, it emphasizes the advantages of the transform method, particularly in obtaining short time solutions of many transient problems. In such cases, the long time solution may be obtained from the classical approach, and by interpolation, a very good estimate is obtained for intermediate times. The text is also noteworthy in that it covers a wide variety of geometrical shapes and treats boundary conditions of constant surface temperature, and constant surface heat flux, as well as the technically important case of a convective boundary condition.

The level of the book is advanced undergraduate or graduate. In addition to its value as a textbook, the availability of many technically important results in the form of tables and curves should make the book a valuable asset to the practicing engineers.

 

The book was translated from Russian (translator name is not mentioned) and was edited by James Hartnett. The book was published in 1968.

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Contents

Editor’s Preface v

Introduction xiii

Chapter 1. Physical Fundamentals of Meat Transfer 1

1.1 Temperature Field 1
1.2 The Fundamental Fourier Heat Conduction Law 3
1.3 Heat Distribution in the High Rate Processes 9
1.4 Heat Distribution Equation in Liquid and Gas Mixtures 12
1.5 Differential Heat Conduction Equation 15
1.6 Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Equation 20
1.7. A System of Differential Heat and Mass Transfer Equations 22
1.8 End Conditions 24
1.9 Methods for Calculating the Heat Flow 31

Chapter 2. Theory of Generalized Variables 35

Introduction 35
2.1 Dimensionless Quantities 36
2.2 Operational Calculus and Similarity Theory 44

Chapter 3. Basic Methods for Solution of Boundary Value Problems 48

3.1 Analysis of a Differential Equation for Heat Conduction 48
3.2 Solution of the Equation by Classical Methods 50
3.3 Integral Transform Methods 57
3.4 Methods of Numerical Solution of Heat Conduction Problems 67

Chapter 4 Nonstationary Temperature Field without Heat Sources: Boundary Condition of the First Kind 81

41 Infinite Body 82
42 Semi-Infinite Body 85
43 Infinite Plate 97
44 Sphere (Symmetrical Problem) 119
45 Infinite Cylinder 131
46 Infinite Hollow Cylinder 148
4.7 Parallelepiped 160
4.8 Finite Cylinder 164
4.9 Heating Problems 166

Chapter 5. Boundary Condition of the Second Kind 167

5.1 Semi-infinite Body 168
5.2 Infinite Plate 172
5.3 Sphere (Symmetrical Problem) 182
5.4 Infinite Cylinder 190
5.5 Hollow Infinite Cylinder 197

Chapter 6. Boundary Condition of the Third Kind 201

6.1 Semi-Infinite Body 203
6.2 Semi-Infinite Rod without Thermal Insulation of Its Surface 208
6.3 Infinite Plate 214
6.4 Finite Rod without Thermal Insulation of Its Lateral Surface 240
6.5 Sphere (Symmetrical Problem) 247
6.6 Infinite Cylinder 265
6.7 Infinite Hollow Cylinder 281
6.8 Finite Cylinder 283
6.9 Finite Plate 286
6.10 Analysis of the Generalized Solution 288
6.11 Estimation of Approximation 295

Chapter 7. Temperature Fields without Heat Sources with Variable Temperature of the Surrounding Medium 300

7.1 Infinite Plate. Ambient Temperature as a Linear Function of Time 300
7.2. Sphere. Ament Temperature 2s a Linear Function of Time 306
7.3. Infinite Cylinder. Ambient Temperature as a Linear Function of Time 310
7.4 Infinite Plate, Sphere, and Cylinder, Ambient Temperature as an Ex
potential Function of Time 314
7.5  Heating of Moot Nodes (afinite Plate, Sphere, and Infinite Cylinder) 317
7.6 Thermal Wases, lutinite Plate, Semi-infinite Body, Sphere, and Infinite Cylinder, Ambient Temperature as a Simple Harmonic Function of Time 325
7.7 Semi-infinite Body, Ambient Temperature as a Function of Time 342
7.8 Generalized Solution, Dubamel’s Theorem 344
7.9 Hollow Cylinder 348
7.10 Parallelepiped, Ambient Temperature as a Linear Function of Time 350

Chapter 8. Temperature field with Continuous Heat Sources 351

8.1 Semi-infinite Body 351
8.2 Infinte Plate 356
8.3 Sphere (Symmetrical Problem) 365
8.4 Infinite Cylinder 371

Chapter 9. Temperature Field with Pulse-Type Heat Sources 377

Introduction 377
9.1 Semi-infinite Body 381
9.2 Infinite Plate 384
9.3 Sphere (Symmetrical Problem) 388
9.4 Infinite Cylinder 391
9.8 Regular Thermal Regime 394

Chapter 10. Boundary Conditions of the Fourth Kind 399

10.1 System of Two Bodies (Two Semi-Infinite Rods) 401
10.2 System of Two Bodies (Finite and Semi-infinite Rods) 406
10.3 System of Two Bodies (Two Infinite Plates) 411
10.4 System af Two Spherical Bodies {Sphere inside Sphere) 417
10.5. System of Two Cylindrical Bodies 420
10.6 Infinite Plate 422
10.7 Sphere (Symmetrical Problem) 428
10.8 Infinite Cylinder 431
10.9 Heat Transfer between a Body and a Liquid Flow 434
10.10 Symmetrical System of Bodies Consisting of Three Infinite Plates 440

Chapter 11. Temperature Field of Body with Changing State of Aggregation 443

11.1 Freezing of Wet Ground 443
11.2 Approximate Solutions of Problems af Solidification of a Semi-Infinite Body, an Infinite Plate, a Sphere, and an Infinite Cylinder 451
11.3 Metal Solidification with the Heat Conduction Coefficient and Heat Capacity as Functions of Temperature 456

Chapter 12. Two-Dimensional Temperature Field: Particular Problems 460

12.1 Semi-Infinite Plate 460
12.2 Two-Dimensional Plate 463
12.3 Semi-Infinite Cylinder 465
12.4 Heat Transfer in Cylindrical Regions 467

Chapter 13 Heat Conduction with Variable Transfer Coefficients 478

13.1 Semi-lnfinite Body, Heat Conductivity, and Heat Capacity as Power
Functions of Coordinates 479
13.2 Finite Plate Thermal Conductivity as an Exponential Function of the Coordinate 479
13.3 Nonstationary Temperature Fields in Nonlinear Temperature Processes 486
13.4 Boundary-Value Problems for the Heat Conduction Equation with the Coefficients Dependent upon the Coordinate 506

Chapter 14. Fundamentals of the Integral Transforms 520

14.1 Definitions 523
14.2 Laplace Transformation Properties 526
14.3 Method of Solution for Simplest Differential Equations 532
14.4 Other Properties of the Laplace Transformation 535
14.5 Solution of the Linear Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients by Operational Methods 543
14.6 Expansion Theorems 544
14.7 Solution of Some Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients 552
14.8 Integral Transformations and Operational Methods 555
14.9 Inversion of the Transform 560
14.40 Integral Fourier and Hankel Transforms 568
14.15 Finite Integral Fourier and Hankel Transforms 575
14.12 Kernels of Finite Integral Transforms 583

Chapter 15. Elements of the Theory of Analytic Functions and Its
Applications 589

15.1 Analytic Functions 589
15.2 Contour Integration of Complex Variable Functions 591
15.3 Representation of Analytic Functions by Series 596
15.4 Classification of Analytic Functions by Their Singularities. The Concept of Analytical Continuation 602
15.5 Residue Theory and Its Application to Calculating Integrals and Summing Up Series 607
15.6 Some Analytical Properties of Laplace Transforms and Asymptotic Estimates 624

Appendix 1. Some Reference Formulas 649
Appendix 2. The Uniqueness Theorem 656
Appendix 3. Differential Heat Conduction Equation in Various Coordinate Systems 658
Appendix 4. Main Rules and Theorems of the Laplace Transformation 660
Appendix 5. Transforms of Some Functions 662
Appendix 6. Values of Functions i^{n} erfc x 669

REFERENCES 672

Autor Index 679

Subject Index 682

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Differential and Integral Calculus (Volumes 1 & 2) – Piskunov

In this post, we will see the much awaited two volume set Differential and Integral Calculus by N. Piskunov.

 

About the book

Text book by the late professor Nikolai Piskunov DSs (Physics and Maths) is devoted to the most important divisions of higher mathematics. This edition revised and last published in two volumes

The first volume dealing with the following topics: Number, Variable, Function, Limit, Continuity of a Function, Derivative and Differential, Certain Theorems on Differentiable Functions, The Curvature of a Curve, Complex Numbers, Polynomials, Functions of Several Variables, Applications of Differential Calculus to Solid Geometry, The Indefinite Integral, The Definite Integral, Mechanical Applications of the Definite Integral.

The second volume dealing with the following topics: Differential Equations, Multiple Integrals, Line and Surface Integrals, Series, Fourier Series, The Equations of Mathematical Physics, Operational Calculus and Certain of its Applications, Elements of the Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Matrices.

There are numerous examples and problems in each section of the course many of them demonstrate the ties between mathematics and other senses making the book useful for self study is a textbook for higher technical schools that has gone through several editions in Russian and also has been translated into French and Spanish and Portuguese.

The books were translated from the Russian by George Yankovsky and published by Mir in 2 volume format in 1981 as Fourth reprint. We have earlier seen the one volume version.

Many thanks to Ranjan G. for donating the two volume set for scanning (I only had the one volume version) and @hawakajhonka for making them available.

Credits to original uploaders the French, Spanish and Portuguese versions.

English Version

Volume 1 here

Volume 2 here

Versión en Español

Volume 1 here

Volume 2 here

Version Française

Volume 1 here

Volume 2 here

Versão em Português

Volume 1 here

Volume 2 here

Contents 

Volume 1

CHAPTER I. NUMBER. VARIABLE. FUNCTION

1.1 Real numbers. Real numbers as points on a number scale 11
1.2 The absolute value of a real number 12
1.3. Variables and constants 14
1.4 The range of a variable 14
1.5 Ordered variables. Increasing and decreasing variables. Bounded Variables 16
1.6 Function 16
1.7 Ways of representing functions 18
1.8 Basic elementary functions. Elementary functions 20
1.9 Algebraic functions 24
1.10 Polar coordinate system 26

Exercises on Chapter 27

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT. CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION

2.1 The limit of a variable. An infinitely large variable 29
2.2 The limit of a function 31
2.3 A function that approaches infinity. Bounded functions 35
2.4 Infinitesimals and their basic properties 39
2.5 Basic theorems on limits 42
2.6 The limit of the function sin x / x as x → 0 46
2.0. The number e 47
2.8 Natural logarithms 51
2.9 Continuity of functions 53
2.10 Certain properties of continuous functions 57
2.11 Comparing infinitesimals 59

Exercises on Chapter 2 61

CHAPTER 3. DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL

3.1 Velocity of motion 65
3.2 The definition of a derivative 67
3.3 Geometric meaning of the derivative 69
3.4 Differentiability of functions 70
3.5 The derivative of the function y=x^{n}, n a positive integer 74
3.6 Derivatives of the functions y = sin x, y = cos x 75
3.7 Derivatives of: a constant, the product of a constant by a function, a sum, a product, and a quotient 75
3.8 The derivative of a logarithmic function 80
3.9 The derivative of a composite function 81
3.10 Derivatives of the functions y = tan x, y = cot x, y = ln |x| 83
3.11 An Implicit function and its differentiation 85
3.12 Derivatives of a power function for an arbitrary real exponent, of general exponential function, and of a composite exponential function 87
3.13 An inverse function and its differentiation 89
3.14 Inverse trigonometric functions and their differentiation 92
3.15 Basic differentiation formulas 96
3.16 Parametric representation of a function 98
3.17 The equations of some curves in parametric form 99
3.18 The derivative of a function represented parametrically 102
3.19 Hyperbolic functions 104
3.20 The differential. 107
3.21 The geometric meaning of the differential 111
3.22 Derivatives of different orders 112
3.23 Differentials of different orders 114
3.24 Derivatives (of various orders) of implicit functions and of functions represented parametrically 116
3.25 The mechanical meaning of the second derivative 118
3.26 The equations of a tangent and of a normal. The lengths of a subtangent and a subnormal 119
3.27 The geometric meaning of the derivative of the radius vector with respect to the polar angle 122

Exercises on Chapter 3


CHAPTER 4. SOME THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS

4.1 A theorem on the roots of a derivative (Rolle’s theorem) 133
4.2 The mean-value theorem (Lagrange’s theorem) 135
4.3 The generalized mean-value theorem (Cauchy’s theorem) 136
4.4 The limit of a ratio of two infinitesimals (evaluating indeterminate forms of the type 0/0 137
4.5 The limit of a ratio of two infinitely large quantities(evaluating indeterminate forms of the type ∞/∞) 140
4.6 Taylor’s formula 145
4.7 Expansion of the functions e^{x}, sin x, and cos x in a Taylor series 149

Exercises on Chapter 4 152


CHAPTER 5. INVESTIGATING THE BEHAVIOUR OF FUNCTIONS

5.1Statement of the problem 155
5.2 Increase and decrease of a function 156
5.3 Maxima and minima of functions 157
5.4 Testing a differentiable function for maximum and minimum with a first derivative 164
5.5 Testing a function for maximum and minimum with a second derivative 166
5.6 Maximum and minimum of a function on an interval 170
5.7 Applying the theory of maxima and minima of functions to the solution of problems 171
5.8 Testing a function for maximum and minimum by means of Taylor’s formula 173
5.9 Convexity and concavity of a curve. Points of inflection 175
5.10 Asymptotes 182
5.11 General plan for investigating functions and constructing graphs 186
5.12 Investigating curves represented parametrically 190

Exercises on Chapter 5 194


CHAPTER 6. THE CURVATURE OF A CURVE

6.1 Arc length and its derivative 200
6.2 Curvature 202
6.3 Calculation of curvature 204
6.4 Calculating the curvature of a curve represented parametrically 207
6.5 Calculating the curvature of a curve given by an equation in polar Coordinates 207
6.6 The radius and circle of curvature. The centre of curvature. Evolute and involute 208
6.7 The properties of an evolute 213
6.8 Approximating the real roots of an equation 216

Exercises on Chapter 6 221

CHAPTER 7. COMPLEX NUMBERS. POLYNOMIALS

7.1 Complex numbers. Basic definitions 224
7.2 Basic operations on complex numbers 226
7.3 Powers and roots of complex numbers 229
7.4 Exponential function with complex exponent and its properties 231
7.5 Euler’s formula. The exponential form of a complex number 234
7.6 Factoring a polynomial 235
7.7 The multiple roots of a polynomial 238
7.8 Factoring a polynomial in the case of complex roots 240
7.9 Interpolation. Lagrange’s interpolation formula 241
7.10 Newton’s interpolation formula 243
7.11 Numerical differentiation 245
7.12 On the best approximation of functions by polynomials. Chebyshev’s theory 246

Exercises on Chapter 7 247


CHAPTER 8. FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

8.1 Definition of a function of several variables 249
8.2 Geometric representation of a function of two variables 252
8.3 Partial and total increment of a function 253
8.4 Continuity of a function of several variables 254
8.5 Partial derivatives of a function of several variables 257
8.6 A geometric interpretation of the partial derivatives of a function of two variables 259
8.7 Total increment and total differential 260
8.8 Approximation by total differentials 263
8.9 Use of a differential to estimate errors in calculations 264
8.10 The derivative of a composite function. The total derivative. The total differential of a composite function 267
8.11 The derivative of a function defined implicitly 270
8.12 Partial derivatives of higher orders 273
8.13 Level surfaces 277
8.14 Directional derivative 278
8.15 Gradient 281
8.16 Taylor’s formula for a function of two variables 284
8.17 Maximum and minimum of a function of several variables 286
8.18 Maximum and minimum of a function of several variables related by given equations (conditional maxima and minima) 293
8.19 Obtaining a function on the basis of experimental data by the method of least squares 298
8.20 Singular points of a curve 302

Exercises on Chapter 8 307


CHAPTER 9. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS TO SOLID GEOMETRY


9.1 The equations of a curve in space 311
9.2 The limit and derivative of the vector function of a scalar argument. The equation of a tangent to a curve. The equation of a normal plane 314
9.3 Rules for differentiating vectors (vector functions) 320
9.4 The first and second derivatives of a vector with respect to arc length. The curvature of a curve. The principal normal. The velocity and acceleration of a point in curvilinear motion 322
9.5 Osculating plane. Binormal. Torsion 330
9.6 The tangent plane and the normal to a surface 335

Exercises on Chapter 9 338


CHAPTER 10. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

10.1 Antiderivative and the indefinite integral 341
10.2 Table of integrals 343
10.3 Some properties of the indefinite integral 345
10.4 Integration by substitution (change of variable) 347
10.5 Integrals of some functions containing a quadratic trinomial 350
10.6 Integration by parts 352
10.7 Rational fractions. Partial rational fractions and their integration 356
10.8 Decomposition of a rational fraction into partial fractions 359
10.9 Integration of rational fractions 363
10.10 Integrals of irrational functions 366
10.11 Integrals of the form ∫R(x,√(ax^2+bx+c)) dx 367
10.12 Integration of certain classes of trigonometric functions 370
10.13 Integration of certain irrational functions by means of trigonometric substitutions 375
10.14 On functions whose integrals cannot be expressed in terms of elementary functions 377

Exercises on Chapter 10 378


CHAPTER 11. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL


11.1 Statement of the problem. Lower and upper sums 387
11.2 The definite integral. Proof of the existence of a definite integral 389
11.3 Basic properties of the definite integral 399
11.4 Evaluating a definite integral. The Newton-Leibniz formula 402
11.5 Change of variable in the definite integral 407
11.6 Integration by parts 408
11.7 Improper integrals 411
11.8 Approximating definite integrals 419
11.9 Chebyshev’s formula 424
11.10 Integrals dependent on a parameter. The gamma function 429
11.11 Integration of a complex function of a real variable 433

Exercises on Chapter 11 433


CHAPTER 12. GEOMETRIC AND MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

12.1 Computing areas in rectangular coordinates 437
12.2 The area of a curvilinear sector in polar coordinates 440
12.3 The arc length of a curve 441
12.4 Computing the volume of a solid from the areas of parallel sections (volumes by slicing) 447
12.5 The volume of a solid of revolution 449
12.6 The surface of a solid of revolution 450
12.7 Computing work by the definite integral 452
12.8 Coordinates of the centre of gravity 453
12.9 Computing the moment of inertia of a line, a circle, and a cylinder by means of a definite integral 456

Exercises on Chapter 12 458

Index 465

Volume 2

CHAPTER 1 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


1.1 Statement of the problem. The equation of motion of a body with resistance of the medium proportional to the velocity. The equation
of a catenary 11
1.2 Definitions 14
1.3 First-order differential equations (general notions) 15
1.4 Equations with separated and separable variables. The problem of disintegration of radium 20
1.5 Homogeneous first-order equations 24
1.6 Equations reducible to homogeneous equations 26
1.7 First-order linear equations 29
1.8 Bernoulli’s equation 32
1.9 Exact differential equations 34
1.10 Integrating factor 37
1.11 The envelope of a family of curves 39
1.12 Singular solutions of a first-order differential equation 45
1.13 Clairaut’s equation 46
1.14 Lagrange’s equation 48
1.15 Orthogonal, and isogonal trajectories 50
1.16 Higher-order differential equations (fundamentals) 55
1.17 An equation of the form y^{(n)} = f ( x ) 56
1.18 Some types of second-order differential equations reducible to first-order equations. Escape-velocity problem 59
1.19 Graphical method of integrating second-order differential equations 66
1.20 Homogeneous linear equations. Definitions and general properties 68
1.21 Second-order homogeneous linear equations with constant coefficients 75
1.22 Homogeneous linear equations of the nth order with constant coeffi­cients 80
1.23 Nonhomogeneous second-order linear equations 82
1.24 Nonhomogeneous second-order linear equations with constant coeffi­cients 86
1.25 Higher-order nonhomogeneous linear equations 93
1.26 The differential equation of mechanical vibrations 97
1.27 Free oscillations 98
1.28 Forced oscillations 102
1.29 Systems of ordinary differential equations 106
1.30 Systems of linear differential equations with constant coefficients 111
1.31 On Lyapunov’s theory of stability 117
1.32 Euler’s method of approximate solution of first-order differential equations 133
1.33 A difference method for approximate solution of differential equa­tions based on Taylor’s formula. Adams method 142
1.34 An approximate method for integrating systems of first-order differential equations 146

Exercises on Chapter 1 146

CHAPTER 2 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

2.1 Double integrais 158
2.2 Calculating double integrais 161
2.3 Calculating double integrals (continued) 166
2.4 Calculating areas and volumes by means of double integrals 172
2.5 The double integral in polar coordinates 175
2.6 Change of variables in a double integral(general case) 182
2.7 Computing the area of a surface 187
2.8 The density distribution of matter and the double integral 190
2.9 The moment of inertia of the area of a plane figure 191
2.10 The coordinates of the centre of gravity of the area of a plane figure 196
2.11 Triple integrais 197
2.12 Evaluating a triple integral 198
2.13 Change of variables in a triple integral 204
2.14 The moment of inertia and the coordinates of the centre of gravity of a solid 207
2.15 Computing integrais dependent on a parameter 209
Exercises on Chapter 2 211


CHAPTER 3 LINE INTEGRALS AND SURFACE INTEGRALS

3.1 Line integrals 216
3.2 Evaluating a line integral 219
3.3 Green’s formula 225
3.4 Conditions for a line integral to be independent of the path of inte­gration 227
3.5 Surface integrals 232
3.6 Evaluating surface integrals 234
3.7 Stokes* formula 236
3.8 Ostrogradsky’s formula 241
3.9 The Hamiltonian operator and some applications 244

Exercises on Chapter 3

CHAPTER 4 SERIES

4.1 Series. Sum of a series 253
4.2 Necessary condition for convergence of a series 256
4.3 Comparing series with positive terms 258
4.4 D’Alembert’s test 260
4.5 Cauchy’s test 264
4.6 The integral test for convergence of a series 266
4.7 Alternating series. Leibniz theorem 269
4.8 Plus-and-minus series. Absolute and conditional convergence 271
4.9 Functional series 274
4.10 Decimated series 275
4.11 The continuity of the sum of a series 277
4.12 Integration and differentiation of series 280
4.13 Power series. Interval of convergence 283
4.14 Differentiation of power series 288
4.15 Series in powers of x – a 289
4.16 Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series 290
4.17 Series expansion of functions 292
4.18 Euler’s formula 294
4.19 The binomial series 295
4.20 Expansion of the function ln( 1 + x ) in a power series. Computing logarithms 297
4.21 Series evaluation of definite integrals 299
4.22 Integrating differential equations by means of series 301
4.23 Bessel’s equation 303
4.24 Series with complex terms 308
4.25 Power series in a complex variable 309
4.26 The solution of first-order differential equations by the method of successive approximations (method of iteration) 312
4.27 Proof of the existence of a solution of a differential equation. Error estimation in approximate solutions 313
4.28 The uniqueness theorem of the solution of a differential equation 318

Exercises on Chapter 4 319

CHAPTER 5 FOURIER SERIES

5.1 Definition. Statement of the problem 327
5.2 Expansions of functions in Fourier series 331
5.3 A remark on the expansion of a periodic function in a Fourier series 336
5.4 Fourier series for even and odd functions 338
5.5 The Fourier series for a function with period 339
5.6 On the expansion of a nonperiodic function in aFourier series 341
5.7 Mean approximation of a given function by a trigonometric poly­nomial 343
5.8 The Dirichlet integral 348
5.9 The convergence of a Fourier series at a given point 351
5.10 Certain sufficient conditions for the convergence of a Fourier series 352
5.11 Practical harmonic analysis 355 5.12 The Fourier series in complex form 356
5.13 Fourier integral 358
5.14 The Fourier integral in complex form 362
5.15 Fourier series expansion with respect to an orthogonal System of functions 364
5.16 The concept of a linear function space. Expansion of functions in Fourier series compared with decomposition of vectors 367

Exercises on Chapter 5 371

CHAPTER 6 EQUATIONS OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

6.1 Basic types of equations of mathematical physics 374
6.2 Deriving the equation of the vibrating string. Formulating the boundary-value problem. Deriving equations of electric oscillations in
wires 375
6.3 Solution of the equation of the vibrating string by the method of separation of variables (the Fourier method ) 378
6.4 The equation of heat conduction in a rod. Formulation of the boundary-value problem 382
6.5 Heat transfer in space 384
6.6 Solution of the first boundary-value problem for the heat-conduction equation by the method of finite differences 387
6.7 Heat transfer in an unbounded rod 389
6.8 Problems that reduce to investigating solutions of the Laplace equa­tion. Stating boundary-value problems 394
6.9 The Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates. Solution of the Di­richlet problem for an annulus with constant values of the desired function on the inner and outer circumferences 399
6.10 The solution of Dirichlet’s problem for a circle 401
6.11 Solution of the Dirichlet problem by the method of finite differences 405

Exercises on Chapter 6 407


CHAPTER 7 OPERATIONAL CALCULAIS AND CERTAIN OF ITS APPLICATIONS

7.1 The original function and its transform 411
7.2 Transforms of the functions 𝜎_{0}(t). sin t, cos t 413
7.3 The transform of a function with changed scale of the independent variable. Transforms of the functions sin at, cos at 414
7.4 The linearity property of a transform 415
7.5 The shift theorem 416
7.6 Transforms of the functions e^{-𝛼t}, sinh 𝛼t, cosh 𝛼t, e^{-𝛼t} sin 𝛼t, e^{-𝛼t} cos 𝛼t 416
7.7 Differentiation of transforms 417
7.8 The transforms of derivatives 419
7.9 Table of transforms 420
7.10 An auxiliary equation for a given differential equation 422
7.11 Decomposition theorem 426
7.12 Examples of solutions of differential equations and Systems of diffe­rential equations by the operational method 428
7.13 The convolution theorem 429
7.14 The differential equations of mechanical vibrations. The differential equations of electric-circuit theory 432
7.15 Solution of the differential equation of oscillations 433
7.16 Investigating free oscillations 435
7.17 Investigating mechanical and electrical oscillations in the case of a periodic external force 435
7.18 Solving the oscillation equation in the case of resonance 437
7.19 The delay theorem 439
7.20 The delta function and its transform 440

Exercises on Chapter 7 443


CHAPTER 8 ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY OF PROBABILITY AND MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS

8.1 Random event. Relative frequency of a random event. The probability of an event. The subject of probability theory 445
8.2 The classical definition of probability and the calculation of proba­bilites 447
8.3 The addition of probabilites. Complementary random events 449
8.4 Multiplication of probabilites of independent e v e n t s 452
8.5 Dependent events. Conditional probability. Total probability 454
8.6 Probability of causes. Bayes’s formula 457
8.7 A discrète random variable. The distribution law of a discrète ran­dom variable 460
8.8 Relative frequency and the probability of relative frequency in repeated trials 462
8.9 The mathematical expectation of a discrète random variable 466
8.10 Variance. Root-mean-square (standard) deviation. Moments 471
8.11 Functions of random variables 474
8.12 Continuous random variable. Probability density function of a continuous random variable. The probability of the random variable falling in a specified interval 475
8.13 The distribution function. Law of uniform distribution 479
8.14 Numerical characteristics of a continuous random variable 482
8.15 Normal distribution. The expectation of a normal distribution 485
8.16 Variance and standard deviation of a normally distributed random variable 487
817 The probability of a value of the random variable falling in a given interval. The Laplace function. Normal distribution function 488
8.18 Probable error 493
8.19 Expressing the normal distribution in terms of the probable error. The reduced Laplace function 494
8.20 The three-sigma rule. Error distribution 496
8.21 Mean arithmetic error 497
8.22 Modulus of precision. Relationships between the characteristics of the distribution of errors 498
8.23 Two-dimensional random variables 499
8.24 Normal distribution in the plane 502
8.25 The probability of a two-dimensional random variable falling in a rectangle with sides parallel to the principal axes of dispersion
under the normal distribution law 504
8.26 The probability of a two-dimensional random variable falling in the ellipse of dispersion 506
8.27 Problems of mathematical statistics. Statistical data 507
8.28 Statistical series. Histogram 508
8.29 Determining a suitable value of a measured quantity 511
8.30 Determining the parameters of a distribution law. Lyapunov’s theorem. Laplace’s theorem 512

Exercises on Chapter 8 516

CHAPTER 9 MATRICES

9.1 Linear transformations. Matrix notation 519
9.2 General definitions involving matrices 522
9.3 Inverse transformation 524
9.4 Operations on matrices. Addition of matrices 526
9.5 Transforming a vector into another vector by means of a matrix 529
9.6 Inverse matrix 531
9.7 Matrix inversion 532
9.8 Matrix notation for Systems of linear equations and solutions of systems of linear equations 534
9.9 Solving Systems of linear equations by the matrix method 535
9.10 Orthogonal mappings. Orthogonal matrices 537
9.11 The eigenvector of a linear transformation 540
9.12 The matrix of a linear transformation under which the base vectors
are eigenvectors 543
9.13 Transforming the matrix of a linear transformation when changing
the basis 544
9.14 Quadratic forms and their transformation 547
9.15 The rank of a matrix. The existence of solutions of a system of linear equations 549
9.16 Differentiation and integration of matrices 550
9.17 Matrix notation for Systems of differential equations and solutions
of Systems of differential equations with constant coefficients 552
9.18 Matrix notation for a linear equation of order n 557
9.19 Solving a System of linear differential equations with variable co­efficients by the method of successive approximations using matrix
notation 558

Exercises on Chapter 9 563

Appendix 565
Index 567

 

 

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Calcul Differéntiel Et Intégral – Tome 1,2 – Piskounov (Piskunov) (Française)

À propos du livre

Le manuel du regretté professeur Nikolai Piskuonov DSc (Physique et Mathématiques) est consacré aux divisions les plus importantes des mathématiques supérieures. Cette édition révisée et publiée pour la dernière fois en deux volumes

Le premier volume traite des sujets suivants: Nombre, Variable, Fonction, Limite, Continuité d’une Fonction, Dérivée et Différentielle, Certains Théorèmes sur les Fonctions Différentiables, La Courbure d’une Courbe, Nombres Complexes, Polynômes, Fonctions de Plusieurs Variables, Applications du Calcul Différentiel à la Géométrie Solide, L’Intégrale Indéfinie, L’Intégrale Définie, Applications Mécaniques de l’Intégrale Définie.

Le deuxième volume traite des sujets suivants: Équations Différentielles, Intégrales Multiples, Intégrales Linéaires et de Surface, Séries, Séries de Fourier, Équations de la Physique Mathématique, Calcul Opérationnel et Certaines de ses Applications, Éléments de la Théorie des Probabilités et Statistiques Mathématiques, Matrices.

Il y a de nombreux exemples et problèmes dans chaque section du cours, beaucoup d’entre eux démontrent les liens entre les mathématiques et les autres sens, ce qui rend le livre utile pour l’auto-apprentissage est un manuel pour les écoles techniques supérieures qui a subi plusieurs éditions en russe et a également été traduit en Anglais, Français, Espagnol et Portugais.

 

Les livres ont été traduits du russe par G Der-Megreditchian et E Gloukhiany publiés par Mir en format 2 volumes en 1972.

(J’utilise la traduction automatique pour le post, toutes mes excuses pour les erreurs.)

Crédits aux téléchargeurs originaux.

 

Version Française

Volume 1 here

Volume 2 here

Versión en Español

Volume 1 here

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Contenu

Tome 1

CHAPITRE I. NOMBRE. VARIABLE. FONCTION

1.1 Nombres réels. Nombres réels sous forme de points sur une échelle de nombres 11
1.2 La valeur absolue d’un nombre réel 12
1.3. Variables et constantes 14
1.4 La portée d’une variable 14
1.5 Variables ordonnées. Variables croissantes et décroissantes. Variables bornées 16
1.6 Fonction 16
1.7 Modes de représentation des fonctions 18
1.8 Fonctions élémentaires de base. Fonctions élémentaires 20
1.9 Fonctions algébriques 24
1.10 Système de coordonnées polaires 26

Exercices sur le chapitre 27

CHAPITRE 2. LIMITE. CONTINUITÉ D’UNE FONCTION

2.1 La limite d’une variable. Une variable infiniment grande 29
2.2 La limite d’une fonction 31
2.3 Une fonction qui s’approche de l’infini. Fonctions bornées 35
2.4 Infinitésimaux et leurs propriétés de base 39
2.5 Théorèmes de base sur les limites 42
2.6 La limite de la fonction sin x / x comme x → 0 46
2.0. Le nombre e 47
2.8 Logarithmes naturels 51
2.9 Continuité des fonctions 53
2.10 Certaines propriétés des fonctions continues 57
2.11 Comparaison des infinitésimaux 59

Exercices sur le chapitre 2 61

CHAPITRE 3. DÉRIVÉS ET DIFFÉRENTIELS

3.1 Vitesse du mouvement 65
3.2 La définition d’une dérivée 67
3.3 Signification géométrique de la dérivée 69
3.4 Différentiabilité des fonctions 70
3.5 La dérivée de la fonction y=x^{n}, n un entier positif 74
3.6 Dérivées des fonctions y = sin x, y = cos x 75
3.7 Dérivées de: une constante, le produit d’une constante par une fonction, une somme, un produit et un quotient 75
3.8 La dérivée d’une fonction logarithmique 80
3.9 La dérivée d’une fonction composite 81
3.10 Dérivées des fonctions y = tan x, y = cot x, y = ln |x / 83
3.11 Une fonction implicite et sa différenciation 85
3.12 Dérivées d’une fonction de puissance pour un exposant réel arbitraire, d’une fonction exponentielle générale et d’une fonction exponentielle composite 87
3.13 Une fonction inverse et sa différenciation 89
3.14 Fonctions trigonométriques inverses et leur différenciation 92
3.15 Formules de différenciation de base 96
3.16 Représentation paramétrique d’une fonction 98
3.17 Les équations de certaines courbes sous forme paramétrique 99
3.18 La dérivée d’une fonction représentée paramétriquement 102
3.19 Fonctions hyperboliques 104
3.20 Le différentiel. 107
3.21 La signification géométrique du différentiel 111
3.22 Dérivés d’ordres différents 112
3.23 Différentiels d’ordres différents 114
3.24 Dérivées (d’ordres divers) de fonctions implicites et de fonctions représentées paramétriquement 116
3.25 La signification mécanique de la dérivée seconde 118
3.26 Les équations d’une tangente et d’une normale. Les longueurs d’une sous-tangente et d’une sous-normale 119
3.27 La signification géométrique de la dérivée du vecteur rayon par rapport à l’angle polaire 122

Exercices sur le chapitre 3

CHAPITRE 4. QUELQUES THÉORÈMES SUR LES FONCTIONS DIFFÉRENTIABLES

4.1 Un théorème sur les racines d’une dérivée (théorème de Rolle) 133
4.2 Le théorème de la valeur moyenne (théorème de Lagrange) 135
4.3 Le théorème de la valeur moyenne généralisée (théorème de Cauchy) 136
4.4 La limite d’un rapport de deux infinitésimaux (évaluation des formes indéterminées du type 0/0 137
4.5 La limite d’un rapport de deux quantités infiniment grandes(évaluation des formes indéterminées du type∞/∞) 140
4.6 Formule 145 de Taylor
4.7 Expansion des fonctions e^{x}, sin x et cos x dans une série de Taylor 149

Exercices sur le chapitre 4 152

CHAPITRE 5. ÉTUDIER LE COMPORTEMENT DES FONCTIONS

5.1 Exposé du problème 155
5.2 Augmentation et diminution d’une fonction 156
5.3 Maxima et minima des fonctions 157
5.4 Tester une fonction différentiable pour le maximum et le minimum avec une dérivée première 164
5.5 Tester une fonction pour le maximum et le minimum avec une dérivée seconde 166
5.6 Maximum et minimum d’une fonction sur un intervalle 170
5.7 Application de la théorie des maxima et minima des fonctions à la solution des problèmes 171
5.8 Tester une fonction pour le maximum et le minimum au moyen de la formule de Taylor 173
5.9 Convexité et concavité d’une courbe. Points d’inflexion 175
5.10 Asymptotes 182
5.11 Plan général pour l’étude des fonctions et la construction de graphiques 186
5.12 Étudier les courbes représentées paramétriquement 190

Exercices sur le chapitre 5 194

CHAPITRE 6. LA COURBURE D’UNE COURBE

6.1 Longueur de l’arc et sa dérivée 200
6.2 Courbure 202
6.3 Calcul de la courbure 204
6.4 Calcul de la courbure d’une courbe représentée paramétriquement 207
6.5 Calcul de la courbure d’une courbe donnée par une équation de coordonnées polaires 207
6.6 Le rayon et le cercle de courbure. Le centre de courbure. Evolute et involute 208
6.7 Les propriétés d’un evolute 213
6.8 Approximation des racines réelles d’une équation 216

Exercices sur le chapitre 6 221

CHAPITRE 7. NOMBRES COMPLEXES. POLYNÔME

7.1 Nombres complexes. Définitions de base 224
7.2 Opérations de base sur les nombres complexes 226
7.3 Puissances et racines des nombres complexes 229
7.4 Fonction exponentielle avec exposant complexe et ses propriétés 231
7.5 Formule d’Euler. La forme exponentielle d’un nombre complexe 234
7.6 Factorisation d’un polynôme 235
7.7 Les racines multiples d’un polynôme 238
7.8 Factorisation d’un polynôme dans le cas de racines complexes 240
7.9 Interpolation. Formule d’interpolation de Lagrange 241
7.10 Formule d’interpolation de Newton 243
7.11 Différenciation numérique 245
7.12 Sur la meilleure approximation des fonctions par des polynômes. Théorie de Tchebychev 246

Exercices sur le chapitre 7 247

CHAPITRE 8. FONCTIONS DE PLUSIEURS VARIABLES

8.1 Définition d’une fonction de plusieurs variables 249
8.2 Représentation géométrique d’une fonction de deux variables 252
8.3 Incrément partiel et total d’une fonction 253
8.4 Continuité d’une fonction de plusieurs variables 254
8.5 Dérivées partielles d’une fonction de plusieurs variables 257
8.6 Une interprétation géométrique des dérivées partielles d’une fonction de deux variables 259
8.7 Incrément total et différentiel total 260
8.8 Approximation par écarts totaux 263
8.9 Utilisation d’un différentiel pour estimer les erreurs de calcul 264
8.10 La dérivée d’une fonction composite. La dérivée totale. Le différentiel total d’une fonction composite 267
8.11 La dérivée d’une fonction définie implicitement 270
8.12 Dérivés partiels d’ordres supérieurs 273
8.13 Surfaces de niveau 277
8.14 Dérivée directionnelle 278
8.15 Gradient 281
8.16 Formule de Taylor pour une fonction de deux variables 284
8.17 Maximum et minimum d’une fonction de plusieurs variables 286
8.18 Maximum et minimum d’une fonction de plusieurs variables liées par des équations données (maxima et minima conditionnels) 293
8.19 Obtention d’une fonction à partir de données expérimentales par la méthode des moindres carrés 298
8.20 Points singuliers d’une courbe 302

Exercices sur le chapitre 8 307

CHAPITRE 9. APPLICATIONS DU CALCUL DIFFÉRENTIEL À LA GÉOMÉTRIE SOLIDE

9.1 Les équations d’une courbe dans l’espace 311
9.2 La limite et la dérivée de la fonction vectorielle d’un argument scalaire. L’équation d’une tangente à une courbe. L’équation d’un plan normal 314
9.3 Règles de différenciation des vecteurs (fonctions vectorielles) 320
9.4 Les dérivées première et seconde d’un vecteur par rapport à la longueur de l’arc. La courbure d’une courbe. La principale normale. La vitesse et l’accélération d’un point en mouvement curviligne 322
9.5 Plan d’osculation. Binormal. Torsion 330
9.6 Le plan tangent et la normale à une surface 335

Exercices sur le chapitre 9 338

CHAPITRE 10. L’INTÉGRALE INDÉFINIE

10.1 L’antidérivatif et l’intégrale indéfinie 341
10.2 Tableau des intégrales 343
10.3 Quelques propriétés de l’intégrale indéfinie 345
10.4 Intégration par substitution (changement de variable) 347
10.5 Intégrales de certaines fonctions contenant un trinôme quadratique 350
10.6 Intégration par parties 352
10.7 Fractions rationnelles. Fractions rationnelles partielles et leur intégration 356
10.8 Décomposition d’une fraction rationnelle en fractions partielles 359
10.9 Intégration des fractions rationnelles 363
10.10 Intégrales de fonctions irrationnelles 366
10.11 Intégrales de la forme ∫R(x,√(ax^2+bx+c)) dx 367
10.12 Intégration de certaines classes de fonctions trigonométriques 370
10.13 Intégration de certaines fonctions irrationnelles au moyen de substitutions trigonométriques 375
10.14 Sur les fonctions dont les intégrales ne peuvent être exprimées en termes de fonctions élémentaires 377

Exercices sur le chapitre 10 378

CHAPITRE 11. L’INTÉGRALE DÉFINIE

11.1 Exposé du problème. Sommes inférieures et supérieures 387
11.2 L’intégrale définie. Preuve de l’existence d’une intégrale définie 389
11.3 Propriétés de base de l’intégrale définie 399
11.4 Évaluation d’une intégrale définie. La formule de Newton-Leibniz 402
11.5 Changement de variable dans l’intégrale définie 407
11.6 Intégration par parties 408
11.7 Intégrales incorrectes 411
11.8 Approximation des intégrales définies 419
11.9 La formule de Tchebychev 424
11.10 Intégrales dépendant d’un paramètre. La fonction gamma 429
11.11 Intégration d’une fonction complexe d’une variable réelle 433

Exercices sur le chapitre 11 433

CHAPITRE 12. APPLICATIONS GÉOMÉTRIQUES ET MÉCANIQUES DE L’INTÉGRALE DÉFINIE

12.1 Zones de calcul en coordonnées rectangulaires 437
12.2 L’aire d’un secteur curviligne en coordonnées polaires 440
12.3 La longueur d’arc d’une courbe 441
12.4 Calcul du volume d’un solide à partir des aires de sections parallèles (volumes par découpage) 447
12.5 Le volume d’un solide de révolution 449
12.6 La surface d’un solide de révolution 450
12.7 Travail de calcul par l’intégrale définie 452
12.8 Coordonnées du centre de gravité 453
12.9 Calcul du moment d’inertie d’une ligne, d’un cercle et d’un cylindre au moyen d’une intégrale définie 456

Exercices sur le chapitre 12 458

Indice 465

Tome 2

CHAPITRE 1 ÉQUATIONS DIFFÉRENTIELLES

1.1 Exposé du problème. L’équation du mouvement d’un corps avec une résistance du milieu proportionnelle à la vitesse. Équation
d’une caténaire 11
1.2 Définitions 14
1.3 Équations différentielles du premier ordre (notions générales) 15
1.4 Équations avec des variables séparées et séparables. Le problème de la désintégration du radium 20
1.5 Équations homogènes du premier ordre 24
1.6 Équations réductibles en équations homogènes 26
1.7 Équations linéaires du premier ordre 29
1.8 Équation de Bernoulli 32
1.9 Équations différentielles exactes 34
1.10 Facteur d’intégration 37
1.11 L’enveloppe d’une famille de courbes 39
1.12 Solutions singulières d’une équation différentielle du premier ordre 45
1.13 Équation de Clairaut 46
1.14 Équation de Lagrange 48
1.15 Trajectoires orthogonales et isogonales 50
1.16 Équations différentielles d’ordre supérieur (principes fondamentaux) 55
1.17 Une équation de la forme y^{(n)} = f (x ) 56
1.18 Certains types d’équations différentielles du second ordre réductibles aux équations du premier ordre. Problème de vitesse d’échappement 59
1.19 Méthode graphique d’intégration d’équations différentielles du second ordre 66
1.20 Équations linéaires homogènes. Définitions et propriétés générales 68
1.21 Équations linéaires homogènes du second ordre à coefficients constants 75
1.22 Équations linéaires homogènes d’ordre n à coefficients constants 80
1.23 Équations linéaires non homogènes du second ordre 82
1.24 Équations linéaires non homogènes du second ordre à coefficients constants 86
1.25 Équations linéaires non homogènes d’ordre supérieur 93
1.26 L’équation différentielle des vibrations mécaniques 97
1.27 Oscillations libres 98
1.28 Oscillations forcées 102
1.29 Systèmes d’équations différentielles ordinaires 106
1.30 Systèmes d’équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients constants 111
1.31 Sur la théorie de la stabilité de Lyapunov 117
1.32 Méthode d’Euler de la solution approximative des équations différentielles du premier ordre 133
1.33 Une méthode de différence pour la solution approximative d’équations différentielles basée sur la formule de Taylor. Méthode Adams 142
1.34 Une méthode approximative d’intégration de systèmes d’équations différentielles du premier ordre 146

Exercices sur le chapitre 1 146

CHAPITRE 2 INTÉGRALES MULTIPLES

2.1 Doubles intégraux 158
2.2 Calcul des doubles intégraux 161
2.3 Calcul des intégrales doubles (suite) 166
2.4 Calcul des surfaces et des volumes au moyen d’intégrales doubles 172
2.5 La double intégrale en coordonnées polaires 175
2.6 Changement de variables dans une intégrale double (cas général) 182
2.7 Calcul de l’aire d’une surface 187
2.8 La distribution de densité de la matière et la double intégrale 190
2.9 Le moment d’inertie de l’aire d’un plan figure 191
2.10 Les coordonnées du centre de gravité de l’aire d’un plan figure 196
2.11 Triple intégraux 197
2.12 Évaluation d’une triple intégrale 198
2.13 Changement de variables dans une intégrale triple 204
2.14 Le moment d’inertie et les coordonnées du centre de gravité d’un solide 207
2.15 Calcul d’intégraux dépendant d’un paramètre 209
Exercices sur le chapitre 2 211

CHAPITRE 3 INTÉGRALES DE LIGNE ET INTÉGRALES DE SURFACE

3.1 Intégrales de ligne 216
3.2 Évaluation d’une intégrale de ligne 219
3.3 Formule 225 de Green
3.4 Conditions pour qu’une intégrale de ligne soit indépendante du chemin d’intégration 227
3.5 Intégrales de surface 232
3.6 Évaluation des intégrales de surface 234
3.7 Stokes* formule 236
3.8 Formule 241 d’Ostrogradsky
3.9 L’opérateur hamiltonien et certaines applications 244

Exercices sur le chapitre 3

SÉRIE DU CHAPITRE 4

Série 4.1. Somme d’une série 253
4.2 Condition nécessaire à la convergence d’une série 256
4.3 Comparaison de séries avec des termes positifs 258
4.4 Le test D’Alembert 260
4.5 Test de Cauchy 264
4.6 Le test intégral de convergence d’une série 266
4.7 Séries alternées. Théorème de Leibniz 269
4.8 Séries plus et moins. Convergence absolue et conditionnelle 271
4.9 Série fonctionnelle 274
4.10 Série décimée 275
4.11 La continuité de la somme d’une série 277
4.12 Intégration et différenciation de la série 280
4.13 Série de puissance. Intervalle de convergence 283
4.14 Différenciation des séries de puissance 288
4.15 Série en puissances de x-a 289
4.16 Série de Taylor et série de Maclaurin 290
4.17 Série expansion des fonctions 292
4.18 Formule d’Euler 294
4.19 La série binomiale 295
4.20 Expansion de la fonction ln (1 + x ) dans une série de puissance. Logarithmes de calcul 297
4.21 Évaluation en série des intégrales définies 299
4.22 Intégration d’équations différentielles au moyen de la série 301
4.23 Équation de Bessel 303
4.24 Séries avec des termes complexes 308
4.25 Série de puissance dans une variable complexe 309
4.26 La solution des équations différentielles du premier ordre par la méthode des approximations successives (méthode d’itération) 312
4.27 Preuve de l’existence d’une solution d’une équation différentielle. Estimation des erreurs dans les solutions approximatives 313
4.28 Le théorème d’unicité de la solution d’une équation différentielle 318

Exercices sur le chapitre 4 319

CHAPITRE 5 SÉRIE DE FOURIER

5.1 Définition. Énoncé du problème 327
5.2 Expansions de fonctions dans la série de Fourier 331
5.3 Une remarque sur l’expansion d’une fonction périodique dans une série de Fourier 336
5.4 Séries de Fourier pour les fonctions paires et impaires 338
5.5 La série de Fourier pour une fonction de période 339
5.6 Sur l’expansion d’une fonction non périodique dans la série aFourier 341
5.7 Approximation moyenne d’une fonction donnée par un polynôme trigonométrique 343
5.8 L’intégrale de Dirichlet 348
5.9 La convergence d’une série de Fourier en un point donné 351
5.10 Certaines conditions suffisantes pour la convergence d’une série de Fourier 352
5.11 Analyse harmonique pratique 355 5.12 La série de Fourier sous forme complexe 356
5.13 Intégrale de Fourier 358
5.14 L’intégrale de Fourier sous forme complexe 362
5.15 Expansion de la série de Fourier par rapport à un système orthogonal de fonctions 364
5.16 Le concept d’un espace fonctionnel linéaire. Expansion des fonctions en séries de Fourier par rapport à la décomposition des vecteurs 367

Exercices sur le chapitre 5 371

CHAPITRE 6 ÉQUATIONS DE LA PHYSIQUE MATHÉMATIQUE

6.1 Types d’équations de base de la physique mathématique 374
6.2 Dériver l’équation de la corde vibrante. Formulation du problème de la valeur limite. Dériver des équations d’oscillations électriques dans
fils 375
6.3 Solution de l’équation de la corde vibrante par la méthode de séparation des variables (la méthode de Fourier ) 378
6.4 L’équation de la conduction thermique dans une tige. Formulation du problème de la valeur limite 382
6.5 Transfert de chaleur dans l’espace 384
6.6 Solution du premier problème de valeur limite pour l’équation de conduction thermique par la méthode des différences finies 387
6.7 Transfert de chaleur dans une tige non bornée 389
6.8 Problèmes qui se réduisent à l’étude des solutions de l’équation de Laplace. Énoncer des problèmes de valeur limite 394
6.9 L’équation de Laplace en coordonnées cylindriques. Solution du problème de Dirichlet pour un anneau à valeurs constantes de la fonction désirée sur les circonférences intérieure et extérieure 399
6.10 La solution du problème de Dirichlet pour un cercle 401
6.11 Solution du problème de Dirichlet par la méthode des différences finies 405

Exercices sur le chapitre 6 407

CHAPITRE 7 CALCULAIS OPÉRATIONNEL ET CERTAINES DE SES APPLICATIONS

7.1 La fonction d’origine et sa transformation 411
7.2 Transformations des fonctions 𝜎_{0} (t). sin t, cos t 413
7.3 La transformée d’une fonction à échelle modifiée de la variable indépendante. Transformations des fonctions sin at, cos at 414
7.4 La propriété de linéarité d’une transformée 415
7.5 Le théorème de décalage 416
7.6 Transforme des fonctions e^{-𝛼t}, sinh 𝛼t, cosh 𝛼t, e^{-𝛼t} péché 𝛼t, e^{-𝛼t} cos 𝛼t 416
7.7 Différenciation des transformations 417
7.8 Les transformées des dérivés 419
7.9 Tableau des transformations 420
7.10 Une équation auxiliaire pour une équation différentielle donnée 422
7.11 Théorème de décomposition 426
7.12 Exemples de solutions d’équations différentielles et de systèmes d’équations différentielles par la méthode opérationnelle 428
7.13 Le théorème de convolution 429
7.14 Les équations différentielles des vibrations mécaniques. Les équations différentielles de la théorie des circuits électriques 432
7.15 Solution de l’équation différentielle des oscillations 433
7.16 Enquête sur les oscillations libres 435
7.17 Étude des oscillations mécaniques et électriques dans le cas d’une force externe périodique 435
7.18 Résolution de l’équation d’oscillation dans le cas de la résonance 437
7.19 Le théorème du retard 439
7.20 La fonction delta et sa transformée 440

Exercices sur le chapitre 7 443

CHAPITRE 8 ÉLÉMENTS DE LA THÉORIE DES PROBABILITÉS ET DES STATISTIQUES MATHÉMATIQUES

8.1 Événement aléatoire. Fréquence relative d’un événement aléatoire. La probabilité d’un événement. Le sujet de la théorie des probabilités 445
8.2 La définition classique de la probabilité et le calcul des probabilités 447
8.3 L’ajout de probabilités. Événements aléatoires complémentaires 449
8.4 Multiplication des probabilités de e v e n t s indépendant 452
8.5 Événements dépendants. Probabilité conditionnelle. Probabilité totale 454
8.6 Probabilité des causes. Formule 457 de Bayes
8.7 Une variable aléatoire discrète. La loi de distribution d’une variable aléatoire discrète 460
8.8 Fréquence relative et probabilité de fréquence relative dans les essais répétés 462
8.9 L’espérance mathématique d’une variable aléatoire discrète 466
8.10 Écart. Écart racine-moyenne-carrée (standard). Moments 471
8.11 Fonctions des variables aléatoires 474
8.12 Variable aléatoire continue. Fonction de densité de probabilité d’une variable aléatoire continue. La probabilité que la variable aléatoire tombe dans un intervalle spécifié 475
8.13 La fonction de distribution. Loi de répartition uniforme 479
8.14 Caractéristiques numériques d’une variable aléatoire continue 482
8.15 Distribution normale. L’attente d’une distribution normale 485
8.16 Variance et écart-type d’une variable aléatoire normalement distribuée 487
817 La probabilité qu’une valeur de la variable aléatoire tombe dans un intervalle donné. La fonction Laplace. Fonction de distribution normale 488
8.18 Erreur probable 493
8.19 Exprimer la distribution normale en termes d’erreur probable. La fonction Laplace réduite 494
8.20 La règle des trois sigmas. Distribution des erreurs 496
8.21 Erreur arithmétique moyenne 497
8.22 Module de précision. Relations entre les caractéristiques de la distribution des erreurs 498
8.23 Variables aléatoires bidimensionnelles 499
8.24 Distribution normale dans le plan 502
8.25 La probabilité qu’une variable aléatoire bidimensionnelle tombe dans un rectangle de côtés parallèles aux axes principaux de dispersion
en vertu de la loi de distribution normale 504
8.26 La probabilité qu’une variable aléatoire bidimensionnelle tombe dans l’ellipse de dispersion 506
8.27 Problèmes de statistiques mathématiques. Données statistiques 507
8.28 Séries statistiques. Histogramme 508
8.29 Détermination d’une valeur appropriée d’une grandeur mesurée 511
8.30 Détermination des paramètres d’une loi de distribution. Théorème de Lyapunov. Théorème de Laplace 512

Exercices sur le chapitre 8 516

CHAPITRE 9 MATRICES

9.1 Transformations linéaires. Notation matricielle 519
9.2 Définitions générales des matrices 522
9.3 Transformation inverse 524
9.4 Opérations sur matrices. Addition de matrices 526
9.5 Transformation d’un vecteur en un autre vecteur au moyen d’une matrice 529
9.6 Matrice inverse 531
9.7 Inversion de matrice 532
9.8 Notation matricielle pour les systèmes d’équations linéaires et les solutions des systèmes d’équations linéaires 534
9.9 Résolution de systèmes d’équations linéaires par la méthode matricielle 535
9.10 Mappages orthogonaux. Matrices orthogonales 537
9.11 Le vecteur propre d’une transformation linéaire 540
9.12 La matrice d’une transformation linéaire sous laquelle les vecteurs de base
sont des vecteurs propres 543
9.13 Transformation de la matrice d’une transformation linéaire lors d’un changement
la base 544
9.14 Formes quadratiques et leur transformation 547
9.15 Le rang d’une matrice. L’existence de solutions d’un système d’équations linéaires 549
9.16 Différenciation et intégration des matrices 550
9.17 Notation matricielle pour les systèmes d’équations différentielles et de solutions
des systèmes d’équations différentielles à coefficients constants 552
9.18 Notation matricielle pour une équation linéaire d’ordre n 557
9.19 Résoudre un système d’équations différentielles linéaires à coefficients variables par la méthode des approximations successives à l’aide d’une matrice
notation 558

Exercices sur le chapitre 9 563

Annexe 565
Indice 567

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