I. V. Michurin The Great Remaker Of Nature – Bakharev

Posted on June 12, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book I. V. Michurin The Great Remaker Of Nature by A. N. Bakharev.

About the book

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin will be known to history as the founder of a new, revolutionary teaching of the transformation of living nature. His theory helps to create high-yielding-, qualitatively superior forms of agricultural plants and productive breeds of domestic animals.
From his youth Michurin was dominated by the lofty idea of producing high-yielding and high-quality varieties of agricultural plants to replace the old, low-yielding, poor varieties and thus to raise the standard of living of the working people.

The book was translated from Russian (translator’s name not given) and was designed by A.A. Medvedev was published in  by Publishers.

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Contents

INTRODUCTION 5

1. THE LIFE AND WORK OF I. V. MICHURIN 12

CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH 12
IN THE FETTERS OF TSARISM 15
THE SOVIET PERIOD 25
A NEW TYPE OF SCIENTIST 32
STYLE OF WORK 57
A FIGHTER FOR THE FLORESCENCE OF SOVIET GARDENING 65
THE LAST DAYS r75

2. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THE GENERAL BIOLOGICAL TEACHING OF I. V. MICHURIN 77

MICHURIN’S VIEWS ON EVOLUTION 77
THE TEACHING ON UNITY BETWEEN TIE ORGANISM AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 82
TUE TEACHING ON HYBRIDIZATION 90
METHOD OF SELECTING PARENTAL FORMS FOR CROSSING 94
INTRASPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION 99
DISTANT (INTERSPECIFIC AND INTERGENERIC) HYBRIDIZATION 101
THE “POSREDNIK” (INTERMEDIARY) METHOD 108
THE METHOD OF “PRELIMINARY VEGETATIVE APPROXIMATION” 104
THE USE OF MIXED POLLEN 107
DIRECTED ALTERATION OF THE NATURE OF VECETABLE ORGANISMS 109
MICHURIN RULES OF CHOICE (SELECTION) 117
VEGETATIVE HYBRIDIZATION (THE MENTOR DOCTRINE) 123

3. MICHURIN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE AT THE SERVICE OF COMMUNISM 137

 

 

 

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I. P. Pavlov His Life And Work – Asratyan

Posted on June 11, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book I. P. Pavlov His Life And Work by E. A. Asratyan.

About the book

The book was translated from Russian (name of translator is not given) was published in 1953 by Foreign Languages Publishing House.

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Contents

1. FOREWORD 5
2. A SHORT BIOGRAPHY 8
3. PAVLOV AS MAN AND CITIZEN 24
4. PAVLOV AS SCIENTIST AND TEACHER 32
5. PAVLOV’S SCIENTIFIC WORK 46
6. PAVLOV’S WORLD OUTLOOK AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS THEORY FOR DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM 135

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Theory Of Energy And Mass Transfer – Mikhailov, Luikov

Posted on June 10, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Theory Of Energy And Mass Transfer by A.V. Mikhailov and Yu.A Luikov.

About the book

The present monograph is devoted to working out the analytical theory of the transfer of heat, electricity and mass, i.e. to the creation of one of the most important branches of the analytical theory of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.

The book was translated from Russian by L. A. Fenn and was published in 1965.

Credits to original uploader. Note: Scan quality is not consistent and is poor on odd pages and slightly better on the even pages. Though it is mostly readable. I am not sure under what scanning/processing conditions we can have two different types of scan qualities in a single documents.

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Collected Papers Of L. D. Landau – ter Haar (ed.)

Posted on June 9, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Collected Papers Of L. D. Landau edited by D. ter Haar.

About the book

A collection of 77 papers by Soviet Physicist Lev Landau in different fields of physics. The book has nine sections each of them dealing with different topics in which Landau has published work.

The book was translated from Russian and was edited by D. Ter Haar was published in 1965.

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Contents

JETP = Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics of the USSR.

Preface

Introduction

1. On the theory of the spectra of diatomic molecules (Z. Phys., 40, 621, 1926) 1

2. The damping problem in wave mechanics (Z. Phys. 45, 430, 1927) 8

3. Quantum electrodynamics in configuration space (Z. Phys., 62, 188, 1930; with R. Peierls) 19

4. Diamagnetism of metals (Z. Phys., 64, 629, 1930) 31

5. Note on the scattering of hard gamma-rays (Naturwiss., 18, 1112, 1930) 39

6. Extension of the uncertainty principle to relativistic quantum theory (Z. Phys., 69, 1931; with R. Peierls) 40

7. A theory of energy transfer on collisions (Phys. 2. Sowjet., 1, 88, 1932) 52

8. On the theory of stars (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 1, 285, 1932) 60

9. A theory of energy transfer II (Phys. 2. Sowjet., 2, 46, 1932) 63

10. Electron motion in crystal lattices (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 3, 664, 1933) 67

11. On the second law of thermodynamics and the universe (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 4, 114, 1933; with M. Bronstein) 69

12. A possible explanation of the field dependence of the susceptibility at low temperatures (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 4, 675, 1933) 73

13. Internal temperature of stars (Nature, 182, 567, 1933; with G: Gamow) 77

14. Structure of the undisplaced scattering line (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 5, 172, 1934; with
G. Placzek) 79

15. On the theory of the slowing down of fast electrons by radiation, (JETP, 5, 265, 1935; Phys. Z. Sowjet., 6, 761, 1934) 80

16. On the production of electrons and positrons by a collision of two particles (Phys. 4. Sowjet., 6, 244, 1934; with W. Lifshitz) 84

17. On the theory of specific heat anomalies (Phys. Z, Sowjet., 8, 113, 1935) 96

18. On the theory of the dispersion of magnetic permeability in ferromagnetic bodies (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 8, 153, 1935; with E. Lifshitz) 101

19. On the relativistic correction of the Schrédinger equation for the many-body problem (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 8, 487, 1935) 115

20. On the theory of the accommodation coefficient (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 8, 489, 1036) 117

21. On the theory of the photoelectromotive force in semiconductors (Phys, Z. Sowjet 9, 477, 1936; with E. Lifshitz) 126

22. On the theory of sound dispersion (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 10, 34, 1936; with T. Teller) 147

23. On the theory of uni-molecular reactions (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 40, 67, 1936) lag

24. The transport equation in the case of Coulomb interactions (J#T’P, 7, 203, 1937; Phys. Z. Sowjet., 10, 154, 1936) 165

25. On the properties of metals at very low temperatures (JEZ’P, 7, 379, 1937; Phys. 2. Sowjet., 10, 649, 1936; with I. Pomeranchuk) 175

26. Scattering of light by light (Nature, 138, 206, 1936; with A. Akhiezer and J. Pomeranchuk) 180

27. On the origin of stellar energy (C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS, 17, 305, 1987; Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR., 17, 301, 1987; Nature, 141, 333, 1938) 182

28. On the absorption of sound in solids (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 11, 18, 1937; with G. Rumer) 187

29. On the theory of phase transitions (I: Phys. Z. Sowjet., 11, 26, 1937; JETP, 7, 1,
1937; II: Phys. Z. Sowjet., 11, 545, 1937; JETP, 7, 627, 1937) 193

30. On the theory of superconductivity (JETP, 7, 371; 1937; Phys. Z. Sowjet., 11, 12);
1937) 211

31. On tho statistical theory of nuclei (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 14, 556, 1987; JETP, 7, 819;
3937) 226

32. X-ray scattering by crystals in the neighbourhood of the Curie point (Phys. Zi Sowjet. 12, 123, 1937; JETP, 7, 1232, 1937) 233

33. The scattering of X-rays by crystals with variable lamellar structure (Phys. Z. Sowjet., 12, 579, 1987; JETP, 7, 1227, 1937) 244

34. Production of showers by heavy particles (Nature, 140, 682, 1937; with G. Rumer) 250

35. Stability of neon and carbon with respect to 𝛼-particle disintegration (Phys. Rev., 52, 1251, 1937) 261

36. The cascade theory of electronic showers (Proc. Roy, Soc., A166, 213, 1988; with G. Rumer) 252

37. The intermediate state of supraconductors (Nature, 144, 688, 1938) 266

38. On the de Maas—van Alphen effect (Proc. Roy. Soc., A170, 363, 1939) 268

39. On tho polarisation of electrons by scattering (Phys. Rev., 67, 548, 1940) 271

40. On the nature of the nuclear forces (Phys. Rev., 58, 1006, 1940; C.R. Acad. Sct. URSS, 29, 656, 1940; with I. Tamm) 272

41. On the “radius” of the elementary particles (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 2, 485, 1940; Phys. Rev., 58, 1006, 1940; JHTP, 10, 718, 1940) 274

42. On tho scattering of mesotrons by “nuclear forces” (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 2, 483, 1940; JEPP, 10, 721, 1940) 278

43. The angular distribution of the shower particles (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 3, 237, 1940; JETP, 10, 1007, 1940) 280

44. On tho theory of secondary showers (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 4, 376, 1941; J#2’P, 11, 32, 1941) 289

45. On the scattering of light by mesotrons (J. Phys. U.S.R.R, 5, 455, 1941; JETP, 11, 35, 1941; with J. Smorodinski) 292

46. The theory of superfluidity of helium II (J. Phys. U.S.R.R, 5, 71, 1941; JETP, 11, 592, 1941) 301

47. A theory of the stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and tho coalescence of strongly charged particles in electrolytic solutions (JETP, 15, 663, 1945; Acta Phys.-chim. URSS, 14, 683, 1941; with B. Deryagin) 331

48. Dragging of a liquid by a moving plate (Acta Phys.-chim. URSS, 17, 42, 1942 ; with B. Levich) 355

49. On the theory of the intermediate state of superconductors (J. Phys. USSR, 7, 99, 1943; JHTP, 18, 377, 1943) 365

50. On the relation between the liquid and the gaseous states of metals (Acta Phys.-chim URSS, 18, 194, 1943; JUTP, 14, 32, 1944; with J. Zeldovich) 380

51. A new exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations (C.R. Acad. Sci. ORSS, 48, 286, 1944; Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 48, 299, 1944) 383

52. On the problem of turbulence (C.R. Acad. Sci. URSS, 44, 311, 1944; Dokl. Akad. Nauk S8SR, 44, 389, 1944) 387

53. On the hydrodynamics of helium II (J. Phys. U.S.S.F., 8, 1, 1944; JHZ’P, 14, 112, 1944) 392

54. On the theory of slow combustion (Acta Phys-chim. URSS, 19, 17, 1944; JRPP, 14, 240, 1944) 396

55. On the theory of scattering of protons by protons (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 8, 154, 1944; JETP, 14, 269, 1944; with J. Smorodinski) 404

56. On the energy loss of fast particles by ionisation (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 8, 201, 1944) 417

57. On a study of the detonation of condensed explosives (C.R. Acad. Sci. URSS, 46, 362, 1945; Dokl. Akad, Nauk SSSR, 46, 399, 1045; with K.P. Staniukovich) 425

58. The determination of the flow velocity of the detonation products of somo gaseous mixtures (C.R. Acad. Sci. URSS, 47, 199, 1945; Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 47, 205, 1946; with K.P. Staniukovich) 429

59. Determination of the flow velocity of tho detonation products of condensed explosives (C.R. Acad. Sci. URSS. 47, 271, 1945; Dok. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 47, 273, 1945; with K. P. Staniukovich) 432

60. On shock waves at large distances from tho place of their origin (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 9, 496, 1945; Prikl. Mat. Dekh. 9, 286, 1946) 437

61. On the vibrations of the electronic plasma (J. Phys. U.S.S.R. 10, 25, 1946; JETP, 16, 574, 1946) 445

62. On the thermodynamics of photoluminescence (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 10, 503, 1946) 461

63. On the theory of superfluidity of helium II (J. Phys. U.S.S.R., 11, 91, 1947) 466

64. On the motion of foreign particles in helium II (Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 59, 669; 1948; with I. Pomeranchuk) 469

65. On the angular momentum of a system of two photons (Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 60, 207, 1948) 471

66. On the theory of superfluidity (Phys. Rev., 76, 884, 1949; Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 61, 253, 1948) 474

67. Fhe effective mass of the polaron (JETP, 18, 419, 1948; with S. I. Pekar) 478

68. Ox the theory of energy transfer during collisions TIT (JETP, 18, 750, 1948; with E. Lifshitz) 484

69. The theory of tho viscosity of helium II: I. Collisions of elementary excitations in
“helium ii (JH#P, 19, 637, 1949; with I. M. Khalataikov) 494

70. The theory of the viscosity of helium II. II. Calculation of the viscosity coefficient (JETP, 19, 709, 1949; with I. M. Khalatnikov) 511

71. On the electron—positron interaction (JETP, 19, 673, 1949; with V. B. Berestetskii) 532

72. The equilibrium form of crystals (A. F. Ioffe Festschrift, Moscow 1950, p. 44) 540

73. On the theory of superconductivity (JETP, 20, 1064, 1950; with V. L. Ginzburg) 546

74. On multiplo production of particles during collisions of fast particles (Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. fiz, 12, 51, 1963) 569

75. The limits of applicability of the theory of Bremsstrahlung by electrons and of the creation of pairs at large energies (Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 92, 535, 1953; with I. Pomeranchuk) 586

76. Electron-cascade processes at ultra-high energies (Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 92, 735, 1953; with I. Pomeranchuk} 589

77. Emission of 𝛾-quanta during the collision of fast 𝜋-mesons with nucleons (JETP,
24, 605, 1953; with I, Pomeranchuk) 594

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General Geology – Lange, Ivanova, Lebedeva

Posted on June 8, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book General Geology by O. Lange; M. Ivanova; N. Lebedeva.

About the book

The book is a basic introduction to geology. The first two chapters talk about the origin of the Earth and its properties, and the outer geospheres of earth: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. The next two chapters explore exogenous (such as erosion by various erosion agents) and endogenous process such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tectonic shift. The last chapter discusses the metamorphic process in Earth.

The book was translated from Russian by David Skvirsky and was published in 1963 by  Foreign Languages Publishing House.

Original scan by DLI. Note: Scan quality is poor.

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Tamil version here.

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Contents

Introduction 5

Chapter 1 Origin of the Earth Its Physical and Chemical Properties 11

The Earth in Cosmic Space 11
The Earth’s Shape Physical Properties and Composition 18

Chapter 2 Outer Geospheres of the Earth 28

The Atmosphere 28
The Hydrosphere 38
The Biosphere 63
The Lithosphere 65
General Information on Minerals 85
General Information on Rocks 86

Chapter 3 Exogenous Processes 111

Rock Weathering 111
Geological Action of the Wind 123
Geological Action of Flowing Surface Water 135
Geological Action of Underground Waters Low
Snow and Ice as Geological Agents Vu
Geological Activity of the Sea 189
Geological Activity of Lakes and Swamps 201
Man as a Geological Agent 205
Diagenesis 207

Chapter 4 Endogenous Processes 213

Igneous Activity 213
Intrusive Igneous Activity 215
Effusive Igneous Activity or Volcanism 216
Movement of the Earth’s Crust 230
Earthquakes 230
Epeirogenic Movements 241
Folding and Rupturing Movements 243

Chapter 5 Metamorphism 263

Briefly about the Earth’s Age 266
Hypotheses on the Development of the Earth’s Crust 271
Geological Maps and Sections 277

Name Index 287

Subject Index 289

 

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Selected Problems In Discrete Mathematics – Gavrilov, Sapozhenko

Posted on June 7, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Selected Problems In Discrete Mathematics by G. P. Gavrilov; A. A. Sapozhenko.

About the book

This collection of problems is intended as an accompaniment to a course on discrete mathematics at the universities. Senior students and graduates specializing in mathematical cybernetics may also find the book useful. Lecturers can use the material for exercises during seminars.
The material in this book is based on a course of lectures on discrete mathematics delivered by the authors over
a number of years at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, and later at the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics at Moscow State University.
The reader can use Introduction to Discrete Mathematics by S. Yablonsky as the main text. when solving the problems in this collection.
The exercises in the book have various origins. Most of the material is traditional and specialists on discrete mathematics are all too familiar with such problems. However, it is practically impossible to trace the origin of the problems of this kind. Most of the problems were conceived by the authors during seminars and practical classes, during examinations, and also while preparing this hook. Some of the problems resulted from studying publications in journals, and a few have been borrowed from other sources. Several problems were passed on to us by staff at the Faculty and by other colleagues. The authors express their sincere gratitude to them all.

The book was translated from Russian by was published in  by Publishers.

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You can get the book here.

Note: Scan quality is inconsistent, but mostly readable. OCR is not great.

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Contents

Preface 7

Chapter 1. Boolean Functions: Methods of Defining and Basic Properties 10

1.1 Boolean Vectors and a Unit n-Dimensional Cube 10
1.2 Methods of Defining Boolean Functions, Elementary Functions. Formulas. Superposition Operation 22
1.3 Special Forms of Formulas. Disjunctive and Conjunctive Normal Forms. Polynomials 33
1.4 Minimization of Boolean Functions 42
1.5 Essential and Apparent Variables 49

Chapter 2. Closed Classes and Completeness 55

2.1 Closure Operation. Closed Classes 55
2.2 Duality and the Class of Self-Dual Functions 59
2.3 Linearity and the Class of Linear Functions 63
2.4 Classes of Functions Preserving the Constants 67
2.5 Monotonicity and the Class of Monotonic Functions 70
2.6 Completeness and Closed Classes 76

Chapter 3. k-Valued Logics 82

3.1 Representation of Functions of k-Valued Logics Through Formulas 82
3.2 Closed Classes and Completeness in k-Valued Logics 88

Chapter 4. Graphs and Networks 101

4.1 Basic Concepts in the Graph Theory 101
4.2 Planarity, Connectivity, and Numerical Characteristics af Graphs 110
4.3 Directed Graphs 117
4.4 Trees and Bipolar Networks 123
4.5 Estimates in the Theory of Graphs and Networks 137
4.6 Representations of Boolean Functions by Contact Schemes and Formulas 143

Chapter 5. Fundamentals of Coding Theory 155

5.1 Codes with Corrections 155
5.2 Linear Codes 160
5.3 Alphabetic Coding 163

Chapter 6. Finite Automatons 174

6.1 Determinate and Boundedly Determinate Functions 174
6.2 Representation of Determinate Functions by Moore Diagrams Canonical Equations Tables and Schemes Operations Involving Determinate Functions 187
6.3 Closed Classes and Completeness in the Seta of Determinate and Boundedly Determinate Functions 206

Chapter 7. Fundamentals of the Algorithm Theory 212

7.1 Turing’s Machines and Operations with Them Functions Computable on Turing’s Machines 212
7.2 Classes of Computable and Recursive Functions 233
7.3 Computability and Complexity of Computations 241

Chapter 8. Elements of Combinatorial Analysis 248

8.1 Permutations and Combinations Properties of Binomial Coefficients 248
8.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Formulas 259
8.3 Recurrent Sequences Generating Functions and Recurrence Relations 265
8.4 Polya’s Theory 275
8.5 Asymptotic Expressions and Inequalities 280

Solutions, Answers, ad Hints 289

Bibliography 403

Notations 405

Subject Index 409

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Heredity And Its Variability – Lysenko

Posted on June 6, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Heredity And Its Variability by T. D. Lysenko.

About the book

A book on now discarded ideas of Soviet scientist Lysenko on variability and heredity. The classic of Stalinist aberrant genetic theory, horticulturist Lysenko rejected orthodox genetics in favor of the theories of those of the Russian horticulturist I. V. Michurin (d. 1935). Among his theories were that wheat raised under certain conditions produce seeds of rye and that theoretical biology must be fused with Soviet agricultural practice. He was the total autocrat of Soviet biology from 1948 through 1953, and believed that through inherited characteristics Stalinism would create a ‘new man’. Lysenko held that heredity can be changed by husbandry, a theory that had disastrous impact on Soviet agriculture. He was dismissed from his post as director of the Soviet Institute of Genetics.

The book was translated from Russian (translator’s name is not given) was published in  by Foreign Languages Publishing House in 1951.

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Contents

The Essence of Heredity 5

The Essence of Variability. Growth and Development 13

Individual Development of the Organism 21

Organism and Environment 29

Directed Change in the Breed of Organisms 46

Vegetative Hybrids 63

Abolition of the Conservatism of the Nature of Organisms 81

The Sexual Process 104

Categories, Groups and Forms of Heredity 117

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Light Scattering In Planetary Atmospheres – Sobolev

Posted on June 5, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Light Scattering In Planetary Atmospheres by V. V. Sobolev.

About the book

Theoretical astrophysicists have been developing radiative transfer theory for a long time. However, they have been primarily concerned with stellar atmospheres, within which the scattering of light is isotropic. In the atmospheres of the planets, light scattering by an elemen­tary volume is anisotropic. This fact severely complicates the theory. Nevertheless, in recent years the theory of radiative transfer for anisotropic scattering has made considerable pro­gress and has been increasingly used in the study of planetary atmospheres. The present monograph has been written for the purpose of summarizing the results of work in this area.

The monograph is concerned mainly with the theory of radiative transfer for anisotropic scattering. The first eight chapters deal with the general problem of multiple scattering of light in an atmosphere consisting of plane-parallel layers illuminated by parallel radiation.

In the following two chapters, the theory is applied to the determination of the physical characteristics of planetary atmospheres. The last chapter discusses the theory of radiative transfer in spherical atmospheres, which is necessary for the interpretation of observations made from spacecraft.

The emphasis in the monograph on the theory rather than its application is easily understood; the theory is designed not only for the interpretation of existing observational data, but also for that to be gathered in the future. One must also bear in mind that the theory of radiative transfer is utilized in related sciences, such as meteorology and oceanology, and also in certain branches of physics and chemistry.

The book was translated from Russian by was published in  by Publishers.

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You can get the book here.

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Contents

Chapter 1 Basic Equations 1

1.1 The scattering of light by an elementary volume 1
1.2 The equation of radiative transfer 5
1.3 The Basic Problem 8
1.4 Integral equations for the Source Function 12
1.5 The diffuse radiation field 15
1.6 The case of pure scattering 19
1.7 Methods for solving the problem 21

Chapter 2 Semi-infinite Atmospheres 24

2.1 The Radiation field in Deep Layers (Relative intensity of radiation) 24
2.2 Diffuse reflection of light 29
2.3 Diffuse transmission of light 35
2.4 The Radiation field in Deep Layers (Absolute Intensity) 41
2.5 The Atmospheric albedo for small true absorption 43
2.6 The Other Quantities in the case of small true absorption 46

Chapter 3 Atmospheres of Finite Optical Thickness 52

3.1 Diffuse reflection and transmission of light 52
3.2 Dependence of the reflections and transmission coefficients on optical thickness 57
3.3 Atmospheres of large optical thickness 60
3.4 Asymptotic formulas for auxiliary functions 65
3.5 Inhomogeneous atmospheres 66

Chapter 4 Atmospheres overlying a reflecting surface 74

4.1 Basic equations 74
4.2 The case of isotropic reflection 78
4.3 The albedo of the Atmosphere and Illumination of the surface 80
4.4 The spherical albedo of the planet 83
4.5 Specular reflection of light 86

Chapter 5 General Theory 89

5.1 Transformation of the basic integral equation 89
5.2 The Auxiliary equation 93
5.3 The function H^{n}(𝜂) 94
5.4 The fundamental function 𝛷^{m}(𝜏) 99
5.5 Particular cases 102

Chapter 6 General Theory (continued) 107

6.1 Expression of the source function in terms of auxiliary functions 107
6.2 The fundamental function 𝛷^{m}(𝜏, 𝜏_{0}) 109
6.3 112
6.4 Particular cases 115
6.5 Equations containing derivatives with respect to 𝜏_{0} 119
6.6 Atmospheres of large optical thickness 121

Chapter 7 Linear Integral equations for the reflection and transmission coefficients 126

7.1 Semi-infinite atmospheres 126
7.2 The radiation intensity averages over azimuth 131
7.3 Expressions in terms of the functions H^{n}(𝜂) 133
7.4 The case of three-term phase function 136
7.5 Numerical results 140
7.6 Atmospheres of finite optical thickness 143
7.7 Expressions in terms of the functions X^{m}(𝜂) and Y^{m}(𝜂) 147
7.8 The case of a two-term phase function 149

Chapter 8 Approximate Formulas 153

8.1 The use of integral relations 153
8.2 Some inequalities 156
8.3 Similarity relations 158
8.4 Directional averaging of the radiation intensity 161
8.5 The case of pure scattering 164
8.6 The Effect of the Reflection of Light by a Surface 167
8.7 The radiation field for Highly anisotropic scattering 169

Chapter 9 The radiation emerging from a planet 174

9.1 The distribution of brightness across a planetary disc 175
9.2 Dependance of planetary brightness on phase angle 177
9.3 Planetary spectra for different points on the disc 180
9.4 Planetary spectra for different phase angles 185
9.5 polarization of light from a planet 189

Chapter 10 Optical Properties of Planetary atmospheres 195

10.1 Interpretation of the photometric observations of Venus 195
10.2 Interpretation of polarimetric observations of Venus 198
10.3 The Atmosphere of the Earth 202
10.4 The Atmosphere of Mars 205
10.5 The Atmospheres of Giant Planets 207
Addendum 210

Chapter 11 Spherical Atmospheres 212

11.1 The Integral equation for the source function in the case of isotropic scattering 212
11.2 The basic equations of anisotropic scattering 218
11.3 Solution of the equation in particular case 221
11.4 The case of an absorption coefficient exponentially decreasing with altitude 224
11.5 Spacecraft observations of planets 231

Concluding remarks 235

Appendix 239

Author Index 250

Subject Index 253

 

 

 

 

 

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Essays On The Patho Physiology Of The Higher Nervous Activity (According To P. P. Pavlov And His School) -. Ivanov-Smolensky

Posted on June 4, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Essays On The Patho Physiology Of The Higher Nervous Activity (According To P. P. Pavlov And His School) by A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky.

About the book

This translation has been made from the second revised and supplemented Rus­sian edition, published by the State Med­ical Publishing House, Moscow 1952.
On the occasion of the centenary of Pavlov’s birthday (September 27, 1949) the author of this book lakes the liberty of attempting to fill this gap in the patho-physiologv of the higher nervous activity; his aim is to expound in a number of essays the basic achievements of this young branch of science and to give an outline of its development in the Pavlov school (including its ramifica­tions) up to our time.
In the preface to the third edition of the lectures on the Work of the Cerebral Hemispheres published in No­vember 1935, Pavlov wrote: “My new systematic exposi­tion of the whole of our experimental material in the shape of one book will require much labour, and I regard it as my last scientific task. It will take years to complete this work. If only fate will be so kind as to preserve for me at my age the vigour that will enable me to carry out this important duty of my life!’
Death prevented Pavlov from carrying out this desire.
In the Essays on the Patho-Physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity the author tries, to the best of his ability, to carry out, even in small measure, Pavlov’s will; the author regards this as his duty to Russian science and to his late teacher.

The book was translated from Russian by S. Belsky and was published in 1954 by Foreign Languages Publishing House.

Original scan by DLI.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

CONTENTS

Preface to the First Edition 9
Introduction 13

Essay I. Pathological Changes in The Higher Nervous Activity, Caused by Experimental Lesions (Extirpation) of the Cerebral Hemispheres in Animals 23

1. From Experimental Psycho-pathology Based ON The Study of Animals to the Patho-physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity 25

2. The Main Features of the Activity of the Cerebral Hemispheres 29

3. Pavlov’s Basic Views on the Localization of Functions in the Higher Parts of the Central Nervous System 39

4. General and Local Disturbances of the Work of the Brain Resulting from Injury to Various Parts of the Cerebral Hemispheres 48

5. Various Stages of Disturbances of the Cerebral Activity Resulting from Injury to the Cerebral Hemispheres 53

6. The Study of the Higher Nervous Activity Under Experimentally Induced Damage to the Brain Conducted After Pavlov’s Death 66

7. The Possibility of Applying the Experimental Data Cited in the Previous Chapters to Man 73

Essay II. Pathological Changes of the Higher Nervous Activity in Animals Resulting from Functional Influences 79

1. Experimental Neuroses 81

2. The Theory of Types of Higher Nervous Activity and Experimental Neuroses 83

3. The First Stage in the Development of the Theory of Experimental Neuroses 96

4. Phasic Changes of the Cortical Activity or Intermediate States Between Wakefulness and Sleep 106

5. The Further Development of the Theory of Pathological Changes in the Higher Nervous Activity Caused by Functional Influences 113

6. Vegetative Disturbances Connected With Experimental Neuroses 128

7. General and Local Disturbances Resulting from Experimentally Induced Functional Disorders of the Brain 138

8. Pathological Changes of the Higher Nervous Activity Connected With Experimentally Induced Disturbances of the Endocrine and Vegetative Functions 152

9. Pathological Changes of the Higher Nervous Activity Resulting from Various Forms of Experimental Intoxication and from Certain Infections 168

10. Experimental Therapy of Disturbances of the Higher Nervous Activity Caused by Various Noxious Functional Influences 187

11. The Connection Between Experimental Pathology of the Higher Nervous Activity and Experimental Therapy 200

Essay III. Investigations in the Sphere of the Clinical Patho-physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity 203

1. The Basic Stages in Pavlov’s Approximation to the Clinic of Neuropsychic Diseases 205

2. The Basic Principles of Pavlov’s Work in the Sphere of Clinical Patho-physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity 210

3. Pavlov’s Views on the Types of Human Higher Nervous Activity 218

4. The Significance of the Theory of Experimental Neuroses for the Clinic of Human General Neuroses 224

5. General Review of the Investigations Conducted by Pavlov and his Collaborators in the Neurosis Clinic 235

6. The Basic Principles of Pavlov’s Pathophysiological Work in the Psycitatric Clinic 253

7. Pavlov’s Research Into the Disturbances of the Higher Nervous Activity Under Schizophrenia 264

8. The Main Lines of Research in Pavlov’s Psychiatric Clinic During his Lifetime and After his Death 274

9. The Work of Pavlov and his Collaborators in the Sphere of the Pathogenic Therapy of Neuropsychical Diseases 280

Conclusion 295

Index of Literature 301

 

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Applied Problems In Probability Theory – Wentzel, Ovcharov

Posted on June 3, 2022 by The Mitr

In this post, we will see the book Applied Problems In Probability Theory by E. Wentzel and L. Ovcharov.

About the book

This book is based on many years of experience of teaching probability theory and its applications at higher educational establishments. It contains many of the problems we ourselves encountered in our

research and consultative work. The problems are related to a variety of fields including electrical engineering, radio engineering, data transmission, computers, information systems, reliability of technical devices, preventive maintenance and repair, accuracy of apparatus, consumer service, transport, and the health service.  The text is divided into eleven chapters; each of winch begins with a short theoretical introduction which is followed by relevant formulas.

The problems differ both in the fields of application and in difficulty.

At the beginning of each chapter the reader will find comparatively simple problems whose purpose is to help the reader grasp the fundamental concepts and acquire and consolidate the experience of applying probabilistic methods. Then follow more complicated applied problems, which can be solved only after the requisite theoretical knowledge has been acquired and the necessary techniques mastered.

The book was translated from Russian by Irene Aleksanova and was published in 1986 by Mir Publishers.

Original scan by DLI. Note: Scan quality is inconsistent and is poor (but mostly readable) at places. I will try to get a better scan soon.

You can get the book here.

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Contents

Authors’ Preface
Preface to the English Edition 7

Chapter 1
Fundamental Concepts of Probability Theory. Direct Calculation of Probability in an Urn Model 9

Chapter 2
Algebra of Events, Rules for Adding and Multiplying Probabilities 29

Chapter 3
The Total Probability Formula and Bayes’s Theorem 65

Chapter 4
Discrete Random Variables &6

Chapter 5
Continuous and Mixed Random Variables 112

Chapter 6
Systems of Random Variables (Random Vectors} 144

Chapter 7
Numerical Characteristics of Functions of Random Variables 466

Chapter 8
Distributions of Functions of Random Variables, The Limit Theorems of Probability Theory 217

Chapter 9
Random Functions 260

Chapter 10
Flows of Events. Markov Stochastic Processes 324

Chapter 11
Queueing Theory 863

Appendices 420

Bibliography 432

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