Principles of helicopter flight under various conditions are reviewed, giving special attention to the operation of the main rotor. A brief history of helicopter development is presented, together with a summary of the main components of a helicopter and a classification of the various types of helicopters. The characteristics of the main rotor and its operation during autorotation and during axial and oblique flow are considered. Also considered are vertical and horizontal flight, altitude gain and descent, takeoff and landing, equilibrium, stability, and controllability, taking into account the aerodynamic forces acting on the helicopter during the various maneuvers.

Translation of “Aerodinamika vertoletov.”
Transport Press, Moscow, 1969

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. PRINCIPLES OF HELICOPTER FLIGHT
1. Brief History of Helicopter Development
2. The Helicopter and Its Basic Components
3. Classification of Helicopters

CHAPTER II. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN ROTOR
4. General Characteristics
5. Geometric Characteristics
6. Basic Regimes of Operation
7. The Operating Regime Coefficient of the Main Rotor

CHAPTER III. OPERATION OF THE MAIN ROTOR IN THE AXIAL FLOW REGIME
8. Impulsive Theory of an Ideal Rotor
9. Blade Element Theory
10. Forces Resisting Rotation of the Main Rotor
11. Power and Torque Required to Rotate Main Rotor
12. Main Rotor RPM Control
13. Techniques for Counteracting Main Rotor Reactive Torque
14. Techniques for Transmitting Torque From Engine to Main Rotor
15. Main Rotor Power Available
16. Main Rotor Thrust in Vertical Climb and Vertical Descent
17. Losses of the Real Rotor
18. Characteristics of Operation of Coaxial System of Two Main Rotors
– Programmed Testing Questions and Answers

CHAPTER IV. MAIN ROTOR OPERATION IN FORWARD FLIGHT
19. Characteristics of Main Rotor Operation in Forward Flight
20. Main Rotor Thrust as a Function of Flight Speed
21. Blade Thrust and Its Azimuthal Variation
22. Resultant Flow Velocity Over Blade Element in the Hub Rotation Plane
23. Variation of Circumferential and Resultant Velocities Along Main Rotor Radius
24. Drawbacks of Main Rotor With Rigid Blade Retention
25. Purpose of Main Rotor Hub Horizontal Hinges
26. Conditions for Blade Equilibrium Relative to the Horizontal Hinge
27. Main Rotor Cone of Revolution
28. Blade Flapping Motions
29. Main Rotor Coning Axis Tilt
30. Blade Flapping Motion Restriction and Flapping Compensator
31. Blade Element Angle of Attack Change Owing to Flapping Motions
32. Effect of Number of Blades on Main Rotor Aerodynamic Characteristics
33. Azimuthal Variation of Rotational Resistance Forces and Reactive Torque
34. Inertial Forces Acting on Main Rotor Blades
35. Oscillatory Blade Motions
36. Damping of Oscillatory Blade Motions
37. Possibility of Loss of Blade Flapping Motion Stability
– Programmed Testing Questions and Answers

CHAPTER V. HELICOPTER VERTICAL FLIGHT OPERATING REGIMES
38. Hovering Regime. General Characteristics
39. Diagram of Forces Acting on Helicopter and Hovering Conditions
40. Thrust and Power Required for Hovering
41. Vertical Climb
42. Helicopter Vertical Descent With Operating Engine
43. Vortex Ring Regime
– Programmed Testing Questions and Answers

CHAPTER VI. HELICOPTER HORIZONTAL FLIGHT
44. General Characteristics of Horizontal Flight
45. Thrust and Power Required for Horizontal Flight
46. Characteristic Helicopter Horizontal Flight Speeds
47. Effect of Helicopter Weight and Flight Altitude on Performance
48. Factors Limiting Maximal Horizontal Flight Speed and Ways to Increase This Speed
49. Horizontal Flight Endurance and Range
– Programmed Testing Questions and Answers

CHAPTER VII. CLIMB ALONG INCLINED TRAJECTORY
50. General Characteristics of the Climb Regime Along an Inclined Trajectory
51. Thrust and Power Required for Climb
52. Vertical Rate of Climb
53. Variation of Vertical Rate of Climb With Altitude

CHAPTER VIII. HELICOPTER DESCENT ALONG INCLINED TRAJECTORY
54. General Characteristics of the Descent Regime
55. Thrust and Power Required for Helicopter Descent
56. Helicopter Rate of Descent With Operating Engine
– Programmed Testing Questions and Answers

CHAPTER IX. HELICOPTER FLIGHT IN MAIN ROTOR AUTOROTATIVE REGIME
57. Vertical Descent
58. Blade Aerodynamic Forces
59. Main Rotor Autorotation Conditions and Regimes
60. Conditions for Autorotation of Different Blade Elements
61. Gliding
62. Vertical Rate of Descent in a Glide
63. Safety Height
64. Transition From Flight With Engine Operating to Flight in the Main Rotor Autorotation Regime
65. Gliding Characteristics of Dual-Rotor Helicopters
– Programmed Testing Questions and Answers

CHAPTER X. HELICOPTER TAKEOFF AND LANDING
66. Takeoff
67. Landing

CHAPTER XI. HELICOPTER BALANCE, STABILITY, AND CONTROL
68. Helicopter Center of Gravity and Balance
69. General Analysis of Helicopter Equilibrium
70. Helicopter Equilibrium in the Hovering Regime
71. Helicopter Static Stability
72. Helicopter Dynamic Stability
73. Concept of Helicopter Control
74. Change of Main Rotor Collective and Cyclic Pitch
75. Purpose and Principle of the Main Rotor Tilt Control System

CHAPTER XII. HELICOPTER VIBRATIONS
76. General Analysis of Vibrations
77. Helicopter Forced Vibrations
78. Self-Excited Vibrations
79. Bending and Bending-Torsion Vibrations of Rigidly Restrained Blade

APPENDIX I. SYMBOL LIST

APPENDIX II. PROGRAMMED TESTING ANSWERS

REFERENCES