This book is a translation of the second edition of the Russian textbook on colloid chemistry for institutes of chemical engineering (the first Russian edition was published in 1964). It explains the general concepts and laws of colloid chemistry and describes the properties of colloidal systems, the methods of investigating them, and the use of colloid chemistry for solving practical problems. The textbook has a chapter on high-molecular-weight substances and their solutions. The introduction, the chapters on adsorption, and the chapter on the stability and coagulation of colloidal systems have been extensively revised. The book may serve as a textbook for students and postgraduate students of chemical faculties of universities; it will also be of interest to researchers who wish to become acquainted with the modern state of colloid chemistry.

Prof. Sergei Voyutsky, D.Sc. (Chem.), heads the Colloid Chemistry Department of the Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. He specialises in adhesion and in the physico-chemical properties of lattices. He has published over 350 articles in Soviet and foreign journals. Prof. Voyutsky is the author of textbooks on colloid chemistry and polymer solutions, and also of monographs, some of which were translated and published in the United States, Japan, Poland, and other countries. He is a member of the editorial board of the journals Kauchuk i Rezin (Caoutchouc and Rubber) and Kolloidnyi Zhurnal (Colloid Journal).

Translated from the Russian by Nicholas Bobrov.

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CONTENTS

Preface

Author’s Preface

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION. COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS AND THE SUBJECT MATTER OF COLLOID CHEMISTRY

1. Concept of Colloidal Systems and the Definition of Colloid Chemistry as a Science
2. Measure of Dispersion
3. Heterogeneity of Colloidal Systems as Their Basic Distinction from Molecular Solutions
4. Disjoining Pressure
5. Effect of the Degree of Dispersion on the Properties of Disperse Systems
6. Classification of Colloidal and Microheterogeneous Systems
7. Importance of Colloidal Systems and Colloidal Processes in Nature and Engineering

Chapter 2. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

1. Light Scattering
2. Light Absorption
3. Colour of Colloidal Systems
4. Optical Methods of Investigating Colloidal Systems

Chapter 3. MOLECULAR-KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

1. Thermal Motion of Molecules and Brownian Motion
2. Diffusion in True Solutions and in Colloidal Systems
3. Osmotic Pressure
4. Sedimentation Stability
5. Sedimentation and Methods of Sedimentation Analysis

Chapter 4. SCIENCE OF ADSORPTION. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID-GAS INTERFACE

1. Concept of Adsorption
2. Nature of Adsorption Forces
3. Langmuir’s Monomolecular Adsorption Theory
4. Polanyi’s Polymolecular Adsorption Theory and the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) Theory
5. Capillary Condensation
6. Chemical Adsorption
7. Heat of Adsorption
8. Adsorption Rate
9. Effect of the Properties of the Adsorbent and the Adsorptive on Adsorption. Dynamic Adsorption. Adsorption from Mixtures of Gases

Chapter 5. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLUTION-GAS INTERFACE

1. Surface Tension
2. Concept of Surfactants
3. Gibbs’ Equation
4. Shishkovsky’s Equation. Transition from Gibbs’ Equation to Langmuir’s Equation
5. Effect of the Structure and Dimensions of a Surfactant Molecule on Adsorption at the Solution-Gas Interface. Traube’s Rule
6. Structure of the Adsorption Layer at the Solution-Gas Interface
7. Langmuir’s Balance. Determination of the Dimensions of Surfactant Molecules

Chapter 6. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID-SOLUTION INTERFACE

1. Molecular Adsorption from Solutions
2. Ionic Adsorption
3. Exchange Adsorption
4. Wetting Phenomena
5. Adhesion

Chapter 7. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

1. Concept of Electrokinetic Phenomena
2. Structure of the Electric Double Layer
3. Effect of Different Factors on the Electrokinetic Potential
4. Electrophoresis and Electroosmosis
5. Determination of the Electrokinetic Potential
6. Practical Importance of Electrokinetic Phenomena
7. Other Electrical Properties of Colloidal Systems

Chapter 8. OBTAINING AND PURIFYING COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS. STRUCTURE OF COLLOIDAL MICELLES

1. Methods of Obtaining Colloidal Systems
2. Structure of Colloidal Micelles
3. Examples of Obtaining Colloidal Systems
4. Purifying Colloidal Systems

Chapter 9. STABILITY AND COAGULATION OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

1. Kinetics of Coagulation
2. Stability of Thin Liquid Layers and the Energy of Interaction Between the Surfaces of Two Bodies
3. Change in the Energy of Interaction Between Micelles as They Approach One Another
4. Solvation of Particles. Structural-Mechanical and Entropy Factors of Stability
5. Rules of Coagulation by Electrolytes
6. Theories of Coagulation by Electrolytes
7. Effect of the Dimensions and Concentration of Particles on Their Interaction in Dispersed Systems
8. Importance of Adsorption Phenomena to Coagulation
9. Particular Phenomena Observed in Coagulation by Electrolytes
10. Coagulation of Sols Having a Non-Aqueous Medium by Electrolytes
11. Heterocoagulation and Heteroadagulation of Colloidal Systems
12. Coagulation Under the Action of Physical Factors

Chapter 10. STRUCTURAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISPERSED SYSTEMS

1. Origination and Characteristics of Structures in Colloidal Systems
2. Viscosity of True and Colloidal Solutions
3. Structural Viscosity
4. Mechanical Properties of Colloidal Systems Exhibiting True Elasticity
5. Dependence of the Viscosity of Colloidal Systems on the Concentration of the Dispersed Phase

Chapter 11. SYSTEMS HAVING A GASEOUS DISPERSION MEDIUM

1. General Characteristics of Aerosols
2. Powders and Their Properties
3. Methods of Obtaining Aerosols
4. Methods of Destroying Aerosols
5. Practical Importance of Aerosols

Chapter 12. SYSTEMS HAVING LIQUID AND SOLID DISPERSED PHASES

1. Suspensions
2. Emulsions
3. Lattices
4. Foams
5. Systems Having a Solid Dispersion Medium

Chapter 13. COLLOIDAL SURFACTANTS

1. Principal Concepts and Classification of Colloidal Surfactants
2. State of Surfactants in a Solution
3. Stabilizing Action of Surfactants
4. Solubilization in Surfactant Solutions
5. Practical Importance of Colloidal Surfactant Solutions
6. Tannins and Dyes

Chapter 14. NATURE AND SOME PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES

1. General Information on Macromolecular Substances
2. Polydispersity and Molecular Weight of Macromolecular Substances
3. Structure of Macromolecules and Structure of Macromolecular Substances
4. Theories of Solutions of Macromolecular Substances
5. Thermodynamics of Dissolution of Macromolecular Substances
6. Swelling of Macromolecular Substances
7. Some Properties of Solutions of Macromolecular Substances
8. Polyelectrolytes
9. Gels

Recommended Literature
Index