The course in chemical technology taught at chemical colleges and departments consists of three parts: lectures, practical studies, and laboratory work. A combination of these three teaching methods provides students with a sound foundation for studying any discipline of chemical technology.
This course is primarily aimed at presenting the basic laws of chemical technology, applicable to most chemical processes, as well as processes in the metallurgical, silicate, pulp and paper, and fuel processing industries. Studying the basic types of chemical processes—homogeneous and heterogeneous, non-catalytic and catalytic, electrochemical—and the associated reactors is combined with an analysis of concrete processes of greatest importance to the national economy. Particular attention is given to typical processes embodying the major aspects of chemical technology. The lectures and laboratory work also cover the structural materials used in the manufacture of chemical reactors.
In the 3rd Russian edition, emphasis is placed on the analysis of automated and computerized reactors, as well as new methods and instruments employed in the investigation of material properties. Thus, students performing laboratory work better assimilate the facts presented in lectures, acquire skills for controlling industrial processes with the aid of advanced instrumentation and computers, learn analytical procedures, and improve their techniques for processing experimental results.
In a laboratory, students carry out the first (according to the syllabus) experiment. Each work covers practically all stages of experimental procedures. First of all, students learn about the subject from the textbook in chemical technology, the present practical course, and the literature recommended at the end of each work. Then, they go through the safety rules to be observed in a chemical laboratory (see Appendix, p. 425) and the instructions for the work being carried out. After a briefing by the instructor (colloquium), students are assigned to conduct the experiment. Students then become familiar with the experimental setup, check whether it is assembled correctly, activate individual units, and calibrate some instruments.
The next stage is an experimental study of the effect of some process parameters on the course of the process. Some assignments involve the analysis of the effect of temperature, concentrations, time, and other factors within a broad range, enabling students to plot the process characteristics as a function of a particular variable. Students make the necessary calculations using the experimental results and write a report, including the statement of the problem and purpose of the work, process flow sheet calculations and plots based on the experimental results, and conclusions. An assignment must be stated in such a manner as to enable students to complete the experiment within six hours. Every student must carry out laboratory works from all six chapters, while particular assignments are given depending on his or her specialization.
Translated from the Russian by V. Vopyan
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Preface
Chapter 1. Noncatalytic Processes
Laboratory Work 1. Production of Phosphoric Fertilizers by Acid Decomposition of Natural Phosphates
Laboratory Work 2. Carbonization of Ammoniacal Brine
Laboratory Work 3. Froth-Bed Gas Absorption
Laboratory Work 4. Polycondensation of Dichloroethane and Sodium Polysulphide (Production of Polysulphide Rubbers or Thiokols)
Laboratory Work 5. The Kinetics of Sulphide Ore Roasting
Laboratory Work 6. The Kinetics of Dicalcium Silicate Formation
Laboratory Work 7. Coal Carbonization
Laboratory Work 8. Low-Temperature Carbonization
Laboratory Work 9. Pyrolysis of Petroleum Products
Laboratory Work 10. Studying the Oxidation Rate of Metals at Elevated Temperatures
Laboratory Work 11. Manufacture and Testing of Plastics
Chapter 2. Catalytic Processes
Laboratory Work 12. Catalytic Cracking of Petroleum Products
Laboratory Work 13. Contact Oxidation of Sulphur Dioxide
Laboratory Work 14. Oxidation of Ammonia
Laboratory Work 15. Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene
Laboratory Work 16. Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Alkylbenzenes
Laboratory Work 17. Dehydration and Dehydrogenation of Ethanol in the Production of Butadiene
Laboratory Work 18. Copolycondensation of Phenol and Formaldehyde
Laboratory Work 19. Catalytic Processes of Formaldehyde Production
A. Conversion of Methanol
B. Incomplete Oxidation of Methane
C. Conversion of Dimethyl Ether in a Fluidized Catalyst Bed
Laboratory Work 20. Esterification of Alcohols with Carboxylic Acids
Chapter 3. Automated and Computerized Apparatus
Laboratory Work 21. Automated Absorption Plants
Laboratory Work 22. Performance Analysis of Liquid-Phase Reactors
Laboratory Work 23. Optimization of a Contact Plant of Sulphuric Acid, Operating on a Double Contact-Double Absorption Principle
Laboratory Work 24. Analysis of Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes on an Automated Continuous-Circulation Plant
Laboratory Work 25. Analysis of Reactor Models
A. Continuous Tubular Reactor
B. Batch Perfectly Mixed Reactor
C. Continuous Perfectly Mixed Reactor and a Cascade of Reactors
Chapter 4. Electrochemical Processes
Laboratory Work 26. Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Solution
Laboratory Work 27. Electrolysis of Lead Chloride Melt
Laboratory Work 28. Chromium Plating of Metals
Chapter 5. Preparation of Raw Materials and Material Analysis Techniques
Laboratory Work 29. Flotation
Laboratory Work 30. Water Treatment
Laboratory Work 31. Determination of Dispersity, Density of Solid Loose Materials, Density and Viscosity of Liquids
Laboratory Work 32. Analysis of the Porous Structure of Solids
A. Analysis of Porous Structure Using an Adsorption Vacuum System with a Quartz Spring Balance
B. Analysis of Secondary Structure of Porous Solids by Mercury Porometry
C. Determination of Specific Surface by the Low-Temperature Nitrogen Sorption Method
D. Determination of Specific Surface in a Chromatographic Vacuum
Laboratory Work 33. Analysis of Sorbent and Catalyst Structure by Electron Microscopy
Laboratory Work 34. Thermal Analysis
Laboratory Work 35. Analysis of Solid Materials by Infrared Spectroscopy
A. Location of the Maxima of the Main Absorption Bands in the Spectra of Known Compounds
B. Qualitative Analysis of a Mixture of Inorganic Salts by Infrared Spectra
C. Determination of the Structure of Inorganic Compounds from Infrared Spectra
Laboratory Work 36. Gas Analysis
Laboratory Work 37. Chromatographic Analysis of Multicomponent Gas and Liquid Mixtures
A. Effect of the Sample Injection Technique on the Accuracy of Analysis Results
B. Separation of Methane-Air Mixture
C. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of a Mixture of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
D. Analysis of a Mixture of Alkyl and Alkylene Benzenes
E. Separation and Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures Containing O₂, N₂, CO, CH₄, and CO₂
Appendix
