This book serves as introduction to petrography, the branch of geology concerned with the study of rocks through their mineral composition and texture. It explores the fundamental concepts and principles that underpin the study of rocks and minerals, with particular emphasis on the techniques and methodologies used in petrographic analysis.

Beginning with an overview of the history and crystal chemistry of minerals, the book progresses into more detailed discussions on crystallography, crystal optics, and the use of polarizing microscopes in studying mineral properties. It covers a wide range of topics, including the classification and nomenclature of rocks, rock-forming minerals, and the petrography of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Key sections delve into the practical aspects of petrography, such as the study of thin rock sections, the use of polarizing microscopes to observe mineral grains, and the classification of rocks based on their mineral content. A significant portion of the book is dedicated to understanding the origins of magmatic rocks, their classification, and their occurrence, particularly in the context of the Soviet Union.

The book also touches on the intersection of petrography and other fields, including the importance of petrography in national economic development and the application of petrographic knowledge to engineering. It highlights how petrographic analysis is essential in evaluating the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, which are crucial for building, drilling, and various industrial applications.

Written for students and professionals in geology and related fields, this text is an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of the physical nature of rocks and the methods used to study them.

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Contents

Chapter I. Concepts Concerning Petrography and Rocks 7

Chapter II. A Brief Resume of the History of Petrography 9

Chapter III. Some Facts Concerning the Crystal Chemistry of Minerals 16

Chapter IV. Some Crystallographic Information 18

Chapter V. The Elements of Crystal Optics

Ordinary and Polarized Light 25
The Wave Surface 29

Chapter VI. Studying Crystals by Polarizing Microscope 36

The Determination of Size and Quantity of Mineral Grains in Section 36
Study of Sections Without Analyzer 37
Investigation Between Crossed Nicols in Parallel Light 43
The Study of Minerals in Convergent Light (Conoscopy) 53
Finding Oriented Sections 57
Determination of Crystal System from Optical Properties 63
Additional Practical Instructions in Crystal Optics 64
The Principles of the Fedorov Method 65
The Study of Rocks in Thin Section 68

Chapter VII. Rock-Forming Minerals 69

The Most Prevalent Minerals in Magmatic Rocks 73
The Less Important Constituents of Magmatic Rocks 93
Minerals of the Sedimentary Rocks 98
Minerals of the Metamorphic Rocks 100
The Minerals of Technology 103

Chapter VIII. Igneous (Magmatic) Rocks 108

Chapter IX. Causes of the Diversity of Magmatic Rocks 114

Magmatic Differentiation 114
Crystallization Differentiation 115
Assimilation 116

Chapter X. Classification and Nomenclature of Rocks 117

Qualitative Mineralogical Classification 121
Quantitative Mineralogical Classification 121

Chapter XI. Description of Magmatic Rocks

Intrusive Acid Rocks 123
The Effusive Facies of an Acid Magma 124
Alkaline Rocks 131
Intermediate Rocks 139
Intrusive Basic Rocks 141
Effusive Basic Rocks 144
Ultra Basic Rocks 146
Occurrence of Magmatic Rocks in the U.S.S.R 148
The Petrography of Magmatic Rocks and Metallogenesis 149

Chapter XII. Sedimentary Rocks 151

Methods of Study of Sedimentary Rocks 155
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 156
Description of Sedimentary Rocks 156

Chapter XIII. The Petrography of Coal 166

The Metamorphism of Coal 173
The Effect of Metamorphism on the Ingredients and Essential Constituents of Coal 174
Mineral Matter in Coal 178

Chapter XIV. Metamorphic Rocks 182

Rocks Formed by Contact Metamorphism 187
Rocks Formed by Regional Metamorphism 187

Chapter XV. The Origin of Magma and Magmatic Rocks 193

Chapter XVI. Experimental and Technical Petrography 196

Chapter XVII. The Importance of Petrography in the National Economy 202

Chapter XVIII. The Elements of Engineering Petrography 208

The Concept of Engineering Petrography 208
The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Crystals 208
The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks 210
The Dependence of the Engineering Properties of Rocks on Their Petrographic Features 214
The Effect of Geological Processes on the Quality of Building Stone 218
Drilling Features of Rocks 219
Index 225