Translation of “Mnozhestvennaya generatsiya chastists”. Moscow, “Nauka” Press, 1974.

NASA TECHNICAL TRANSLATION NASA TT F – 15,757

New astrophysical discoveries have acquainted us with the world of ultra-high temperatures and pressures. Under these conditions, particles of atomic nuclei (nucleons) can be accelerated to energies which correspond to heating matter to trillions of degrees. When such particles collide, an unimaginably high energy is concentrated, leading to the simultaneous creation (generation) of a multitude of new particles: mesons, excited nucleons, and antiparticles. This book describes the experimental methods of studying multiple particle generation with the aid of cosmic rays and powerful charged particle accelerators.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 1
– In the World of Ultra-high Temperatures 1
– The Fundamental Forces of Nature 3
– Birth, Death, and Conservation — Three Facets of the Animate and Inanimate Worlds 7
– The Puzzle of Secondary Cosmic Radiation in Multiple Meson Generation 10

Chapter 1. Tracking the Invisible 15
– It is Not Always Necessary to See in Order to Detect and Identify Particles 15
– How are the Particles Nevertheless Photographed? 22
– Visible and Invisible Sparks Join in the Task 29

Chapter 2. Elastic Scattering and the Structure of Elementary Particles 33
– Electron “Supermicroscope” and the Structure of Nucleons 33
– Concerning the Use of Physically Meaningless Values of Quantities 39
– Resonances — New Particles or New States of Known Particles 45

Chapter 3. Diffractive and Coherent Modes of Particle Production 52
– Diffraction of Particles and Its Unexpected Consequences 52
– Is it Possible to Exchange Parts of the Vacuum? 58
– Concerning the Properties of That Which Hardly Exists 61

Chapter 4. Peripheral Processes 70
– “Memory”, Inertia, and the Structure of Particles 70
– How Can One Get an Inelastic Interaction From “One-Half” of an Elastic Interaction? 75
– Complex Regge Trajectories, Successes and Difficulties 83

Chapter 5. Statistics, Hydrodynamics, and Thermodynamics “Within” Elementary Particles 93
– Phase Space — The Cornerstone of Statistics 93
– The Laws of Motion of the Meson “Fluid” and Transverse Momenta of Particles 100
– An Examination of the Starting Points of the Hydrodynamic Theory 107
– Can One Manage with Only the Laws of Thermodynamics? 112

Chapter 6. Do Fireballs Really Exist? 119
– Does “Ball Lightning” Really Appear in Cosmic Rays? 119
– Multi-Peripheral Collisions and the Creation of Fireballs 126
– Colliding Beams Mean Serious Research 129
– Why Are Heavy Fireballs Necessary? 135

Chapter 7. What is the Nucleon Made Of 145
– A “Building Block” or a Detail of the “Architectural Design” of the Particles of Matter 145
– The Unexpected “Breaking Open” of the Nucleon With the Help of Virtual Photons 155
– Nuclear Cascades in Cosmic Rays and the Parton Model 160

Conclusion: Concerning Additional Problems and New Perspectives 168
– Paradoxes Within the Nucleons 168
– Aren’t There Too Many Models? 176
– The Route Upwards on the Ladder of Energy 186