Although many Soviet and foreign textbooks in engineering thermodynamics already exist, the authors have decided to write a new textbook for university students in power engineering, heat physics, and applied physics departments. We have done so for the following reasons.

With improved instruction in thermodynamics in most higher educational institutions, the authors feel a more thorough presentation of basic problems is necessary. Of primary importance is an understanding of the fundamental concepts and methods of thermodynamics for analysing various physical phenomena.

Clearly, a modern course in engineering thermodynamics must reflect today’s and even tomorrow’s level of technology. Therefore, it is difficult to conceive of a modern textbook in thermodynamics which does not present the different methods of converting heat directly into electric power, modern methods of analysing the efficiency of the cycles of heating plants, the thermodynamics of dissociated and ionised gases, and other problems.

Since the authors consider it unjustified to include in courses of engineering thermodynamics problems relating to statistical physics and the molecular-kinetic theories of gases, we will limit ourselves to a short discussion of the statistical aspects of the second law of thermodynamics.

Although, as a rule, institutes of power engineering do not offer a special course in chemical thermodynamics, modern heat engineering involves many processes accompanied by chemical reactions, dissociation, and ionisation. The authors consider it necessary, therefore, to devote a special chapter to a short presentation of chemical thermodynamics to give the reader an idea of the methods applied in a thermodynamic description of chemical processes.

All numerical examples are given in the SI system (the unit to measure energy is the joule, and the unit to measure pressure is the pascal). As a general rule, along with their values in the SI system, the values of energy have also been indicated in calories (and pressure, in kgf/cm²).

The authors will be grateful for criticism and will take it into consideration in future work on the book.

Translated from the Russian by S. Semyonov

You can get the book here and here

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Contents

Preface
Preface to the English edition

Introduction
Thermodynamics and its method
Properties of state
Concept of a thermodynamic process
Ideal gas Ideal gas laws
Concept of mixtures Mixtures of ideal gases
Concept of heat capacity

The first law of thermodynamics
Heat Joule’s experiment Equivalence of heat and work
Law of conservation and conversion of energy
Internal energy and external work
Mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics
Enthalpy
Mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics for processes of flow

The second law of thermodynamics
Cycles Concept of thermal efficiency Heat sources
Reversible and irreversible processes
Statements of the second law of thermodynamics
The Carnot cycle Carnot’s theorem
The thermodynamic temperature scale

Entropy
Change of entropy in irreversible processes
Combined mathematical statement of the first and second laws of thermodynamics
Entropy and thermodynamic probability
Reversibility and work

Differential equations of thermodynamics
Basic methods
Maxwell’s relations
Partial derivatives of internal energy and enthalpy
Heat capacities

Equilibrium in thermodynamic systems and phase changes
Homogeneous and heterogeneous thermodynamic systems
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Conditions of stability and equilibrium for an isolated homogeneous system
Conditions for phase equilibrium
Phase changes
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation
Phase stability
Phase changes at unequal phase pressures
Phase changes under curved surfaces

Thermodynamic properties of substances
Thermal and caloric properties of solids
Thermal and caloric properties of liquids
Andrews’ experiment The critical point Van der Waals’ equation
Thermal and caloric properties of real gases Equation of state for real gases
Thermodynamic properties of substances on the change-of-phase line Two-phase systems
Properties of substance at the critical point
Methods of calculating the entropy of substance
Thermodynamic diagrams of state for substances
Thermodynamic properties of substance in a metastable state

Basic thermodynamic processes
The isochoric process
The isobaric process
The isothermal process
The adiabatic process
Polytropic processes
Throttling The Joule-Thomson effect
Joule expansion (expansion into a vacuum)
Mixing
Compression processes

Fluid flow processes
Basic flow equations
Velocity of sound
Flow through convergent nozzles
Transonic range The Laval nozzle
Adiabatic flow with friction
General regularities of flow The influence inversion law
Adiabatic stagnation temperature

Methods to analyse the efficiency of thermopower plants
Cycle efficiency
Comparison methods for thermal efficiencies of reversible cycles
Method of efficiencies in the analysis of irreversible cycles
Entropy calculation method for the loss of availability in irreversible cycles
Exergy calculation method for availability losses

Gas power cycles
Cycles of reciprocating internal combustion engines
Gas-turbine cycles
Reaction-engine cycles

Vapour power cycles
The Carnot cycle
The Rankine cycle
Rankine cycle analysis allowing for irreversibilities

Reheat cycle

Regenerative cycle

Binary cycles

Thermification cycles

Cycles of direct-energy conversion systems

Thermoelectric generator cycle

The cycle of a thermionic converter

MHD-generator cycle

Refrigeration cycles

Reverse heat cycles and processes
Refrigeration installations

Air-compression refrigeration cycle

Vapour-compression refrigeration cycle

Steam-jet refrigeration cycle

Absorption refrigeration cycle

Thermoelectric refrigeration cycle

Heat pump
Principle of operation

Liquefaction of gases

Humid air

Basic concepts

I-d diagram for humid air

Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics

Thermochemistry
Hess’s law
Kirchhoff’s equation

Chemical equilibrium and the second law of thermodynamics

Equilibrium constant and degree of dissociation

The Nernst heat theorem

Conclusion

Bibliography

Name index

Subject index