Pavlov’s Teaching and Its Application to Problems of Scientific Organisation of Work

Translated from the Russian by Xenia Danko Edited by David A. Myshne

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CONTENTS

Page

Preface
9

Chapter One. Organism and Environment
Work and the Sense Organs 13
Man’s Adaptability to His Environment and the Changes Produced in the Latter by His Work 21
Pavlovian Physiology as Related to Studying Work and Mental Hygiene 27

Chapter Two. General Physiology and Kinesiology
The Physiology of Natural Movements and of Physical Culture Activities as an Introduction to the Study of Work 31
Studying and Measuring Muscular Work 38
Human Hand as the Body’s Working Organ 45
Artificial (Mechanical) Hand 50

Chapter Three. Conditioned Reflexes and Formation of Behaviour

Methods of Studying the Structure and Function of the Brain 56
Essence of Pavlov’s Teaching on Higher Nervous Activity (Behaviour) of Animals and Man 66

Chapter Four. Internal Inhibition of Conditioned Reflexes
Excitation and Inhibition—Two Aspects of Higher Nervous Activity 78
Analysers 83
Operation of Nervous Processes in the Cerebral Cortex 86
Orienting Reflex—the Physiological Basis of Attention 94
Trace Conditioned Reflex—Foundation of Memory 97
Conditioned Inhibitors 101

Chapter Five. Higher Nervous Activity and Acquisition of Skills

Muscles—Chief Source of Conditioned Reflexes 104
Learning to Use Work Tools 110
Possible Methods of Training Skills 114
Physiological Role of Emotions in Vocational Training 121
Dynamic Pattern of Behaviour and the Importance of Changing the Patterns in the Physiology of Labour 123

Chapter Six. Second Signal System and Creative Work

Speech, Counting and Writing as Second Signals of Reality 128
Development of Second Signal System in the Process of Work 139
Work Tools and Corresponding Physiological Functions 146
Relationship Between First and Second Signal Systems in the Process of Creative Work 152

Chapter Seven. Several Problems of Physiology and Hygiene of Physical Work

Essence of Working Skills and Habits 157
Timing Working Operations 159
F. W. Taylor’s “Scientific Management” System and Its Criticism 162
Peculiarities of Work Under Conditions of Modern Serial Production 167
Mechanisation of Production and Rationalisation of Work 175

Chapter Eight. Can Mental Work Be Scientifically Organised?

Health and Creative Efficiency in Mental Work 179
Pavlov on Planning Studies and Scientific Work 186
Preparation for Work on Scientific Subject and Study of Literature 189
Peculiarities of Lecturing and Planning Lectures 194
Essential and Non-essential Differences Between Physical and Mental Work 203
Corrective Physical Exercise for Intellectual Workers 205
Breathing Exercises 210

Chapter Nine. Aids to Mental Work

“Bibliographical Combine” and Other Aids Used in Mental Work 216
Electronic Computing and Analytical Machines 221
Can Machinery Completely Supersede the Human Brain? 228