This book covers the problems of optimal control of electric power stations and systems under normal conditions with the use of the management control system (MCS). Ample consideration is given to management at all stages of electric power production, including decision making and short-term planning, on-line control, environmental protection. Major attention is focused on the fundamentals of the modern theory of power system management, primarily its physical and engineering aspects. All
the topics envisage a comprehensive use of computers at different levels of management.
The book is to be an aid for students of power specialities who study the course of optimal operation of electric power stations and systems or its separate topics.

The textbook, consisting of two parts and representing the authors’combined experience in research and teaching at colleges in Moscow, Novosibirsk, and Kishinev, is intended as an aid for stu­ dents of power specialities. Part One deals with the peculiarities of power system control based upon management control system (MCS). Part Two is devoted to the problems of optimal operation of electric power plants and systems.

Translated from the Russian by V. Kochin

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Contents

Preface 9
Introduction 1

PART ONE
EMPLOYMENT OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM IN POWER AND HEAT GENERATION

1
POWER AND HEAT SYSTEMS AND THEIR OPERATION
Basic Definitions 24
Load Curves 29
Power and Energy Balance 31
Power Reserves 33
Dispatch Control 35

2
MANAGEMENT AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THE POWER INDUSTRY
General Principles of Implementing MCS in the Power Industry 39
MCS Structure 42
Structure of PDS MCS Subsystems 48

3
MCS HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
MCS Computers 51
CSC Software 57
Modular Computers 61
Time-Sharing Computer Centers and Computer Networks 63
Organization of MCS Hardware Complex 64
Stages of Construction of RTIC 60
Frequency and Active Power Control Hardware 74
Software Features 75

4
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS, PLANTS AND NETWORKS
4.1. Organization of PS MCS 78
4.2. MCS Information Software 82
4.3. MCS Typical Data Banks 87
4.4. Collection, Transmission, Input and Initial Processing of Data in MCS 89
4.5. Teleprocessing and Daily Scheduling 96
4.6. Organization of Dispatcher-Computer Dialog 99
4.7. Automated Process Control System of a Thermal Power Plant 103
4.8. Hydro Plant Management and Control System 107
4.9. Management and Control System for Electric Network Facilities and Substations 110

5
MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN POWER INDUSTRY
5.1. Production Process Variables 117
5.2. Modeling Stages 118
5.3. Complete and Simplified Models 120
5.4. Example Model 124
5.5. Peculiarities of Model Construction 126
5.6. Modeling of Continuous Production Processes 127
5.7. Adaptive Models 129
5.8. Design Models 131
5.9. Accounting for Multiple Performance Criteria 133
5.10. Accounting for Control Hierarchy in Modeling 136
5.11. Fundamentals of Hierarchical System Theory 139

PART TWO
OPTIMAL OPERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS AND PLANTS

6
OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD IN POWER SYSTEM
6.1. Rational Control of Power System 144
6.2. Load Distribution Between Thermal Power Plants 149
6.3. Load Distribution in Hydro-Thermal Power System 152
6.4. Distribution of Load Between Power Plant Units 162
6.5. Distribution of Load in Power System Comprising Nuclear Plant 165
6.6. Distribution of Reactive Loads 167
6.7. Operation of Pumped Storage Plants 169
6.8. Complex Optimization of Power System Operation 171
6.9. Simplified Algorithm for Complex Optimization of Power System 176
6.10. Realization of Calculations for Optimal Distribution of Load of Power Plants and Systems 180

7
CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER PLANTS
7.1. Energy Characteristics of Equipment 186
7.2. Slewability of Thermal Power Plants 191
7.3. Equivalent Characteristics 194
7.4. Construction of Equivalent Characteristics by Dynamic Programming 197
7.5. Plotting of Equivalent Characteristics for Assigned Availability of Units 201
7.6. Construction of Equivalent Characteristics for TPPs with Lateral Coupling 205
7.7. Average Interval Characteristics 208
7.8. Statistic Characteristics 210
7.9. Approximation and Storage of Characteristics 214
7.10. Plotting of Equivalent Characteristics Accounting for Network Power Losses 223

8
SELECTION OF POWER SYSTEM UNITS
8.1. Description of Problem 227
8.2. Intra-Station Optimization 228
8.3. Selection of Units in All-Thermal System 230
8.4. Intra-Station Optimization of Hydro Plant Operation 235
8.5. Methods of Optimization of Intra-Station Conditions 238
8.6. Simplified Methods of Hydro Unit Control 242
8.7. Use of TPP Equivalent Characteristic Library 240

9
LONG-TERM OPTIMIZATION OF POWER SYSTEM
9.1. Routine Planning of System Operation 248
9.2. Optimization of Water Reservoir Conditions 249
9.3. Optimization of Water Reservoir Conditions of Isolated Hydro Plant 254
9.4. Particulars of Optimizing Cascading Hydro Plants 259
9.5. Optimal Utilization of Water Resources on Multipurpose Hydro Developments 263
9.6. Optimization of Fuel Supply 264
9.7. Long-Term Planning of System Power Balance and Power Generation 266
9.8. Optimal Scheduling of Power Equipment Repairs 270
9.9. Planning and Accounting of Repair Jobs in MCS 273
9.10. Record Keeping of Main Electrical Equipment and Control Means 274

10
SHORT-TERM OPTIMIZATION OF POWER SYSTEM
10.1. Load Distribution in Interconnected Power Systems 277
10.2. Coordination of Subsystem Operation 280
10.3. Methods of Control in Hierarchic System 281
10.4. Real-Time Control of Hydro Unit Availability and Operation 280
10.5. Estimation of Water Discharge for Spinning Reserve and Frequency Control 293

11
TECHNICO-ECONOMIC INDICES OF POWER PLANTS AND SYSTEMS
11.1. Planning in the Power Industry 301
11.2. Forecasts in Planning Calculations 300
11.3. Use of the Power Generation Balance for Planning Technico-Economic Indices 313
11.4. Automation of Planning Calculations with MCS 319

12
EFFECTIVENESS OF SOLUTION OF OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
12.1. Goals of the Effectiveness Calculations 320
12.2. Effect of the Energy Characteristics Errors 329
12.3. Limit Error of Power Plant Characteristics 332
12.4. Accounting for Random Component in Source Information 334
12.5. Effectiveness Under Uncertainty 339
12.6. Technical and Economic Effectiveness of MCS 341
12.7. Scientific and Technological Level of MCS 343

13
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND OPERATION OF POWER PLANTS
13.1. Power Installations and Environment 345
13.2. Protection of Water Resources 351
13.3. Protection of Atmosphere 350
13.4. Atmospheric Emissions 357
13.5. Pollution Control Facilities in the Power Industry 360
13.6. Environmental Protection and Operation of Power Plants 361

Bibliography 304
Index 305